The Determination of the Factors Affecting Pharmaceutical Consumption in Respect to Provinces in Turkey

Alkan, Ömer; Elmali, Kübra

doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6p356

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This finding was consistent with the evidence from previous studies. 12,16,18 For instance, using Turkish data and quantile regressions, Alkan and Elmali 12 found that individuals aged ≥65 years spent more on pharmaceuticals than their younger peers. The explanation for these findings is straightforward.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The independent variables were selected in light of the findings from previous studies related to consumption of pharmaceuticals, the theory of demand for health care, and the availability of data. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The independent variables consist of three main categories: (a) household heads' sociodemographic characteristics, (b) household profiles, and (c) the year of survey. A household head is a person in a household who makes important decisions on behalf of his/her household members.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although pharmaceuticals are important to health, factors affecting consumer spending on pharmaceuticals were rarely explored in past studies. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] To the best of our knowledge, Cheah and colleagues' 20 research is the only study that examines factors determining health care expenditure among households in Malaysia. Using nationwide data, the authors found that sociodemographic and household factors, such as age, education, marital status, and household income, were important determinants of household expenditure on health care.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…22 The present study differs in several ways from previous studies conducted in other developing countries. 12,13,[15][16][17]19 (a) Unlike other countries, Malaysia has a mixed publicprivate health care system and achieved universal, governmentfunded health coverage. Public health care is provided by the Malaysian government and is financed by taxpayers, whereas the main sources of private health care funds are private insurance and out-of-pocket payments.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Inequalities in Consumption Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals: Evidence from Malaysia

Ang

Cheah

2023

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Heal

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Pharmaceuticals play an important role in health improvements. This study is the first of its kind to examine the influences of household heads’ sociodemographic characteristics and household profiles on pharmaceuticals expenditure among households of different income levels. The country of interest is a fast-growing developing country. Data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Surveys 2014 and 2016 were used in the pooled cross-sectional analyses. Double-hurdle models were used to analyze consumption and amount decisions of pharmaceuticals. Analyses stratified by income were conducted. Results showed that households headed by younger adults (<60 years), males, less educated individuals, Bumiputera, and divorced/widowed adults were less likely to consume and spent less on pharmaceuticals compared with households headed by older adults (≥60 years), females, more educated individuals, non-Bumiputera, and single adults. These differentials varied across income groups. In conclusion, household heads’ age, gender, educational levels, ethnicity, marital status, and household profiles are important determining factors of expenditure on pharmaceuticals among low-, middle- and high-income households.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Inequalities in Consumption Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals: Evidence from Malaysia

Ang

Cheah

2023

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Heal

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“…We attribute the above results to two factors. First, there is a signifcant diference in the share of drug expenditure in the total expenditure between outpatients and inpatients (Figure 3), so the increase in drug consumption increases health expenditure [22]. Figure 3 shows that prior to the ZMDP's implementation, outpatient and inpatient drug costs accounted for approximately 60% and 45%, respectively.…”

Section: Efect Of the Zmdp On Patient Expenditure Panel A Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Drug Price Changes on Patient Expenditure: Evidence from China’s Zero Markup Drug Policy

Chu,

Liu,

Tang

2023

Health & Social Care in the Community

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Global society is dedicated to lowering healthcare costs. In China, the rapid growth in drug expenditure has been a major factor in the surge in patient expenditure. To alleviate the negative effect of this phenomenon, China launched the zero markup drug policy (ZMDP) in 2009. However, there is limited direct evidence of its effectiveness in reducing patient costs. Using claims data from January 2012 through May 2016 for enrollees in China’s New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) in 25 counties, we investigated the changes in patient expenditure before and after the ZMDP’s implementation. We found that the ZMDP significantly reduced outpatients’ total expenditure (23.66%), reimbursable expenses (24.42%), out-of-pocket (OOP) costs (54.62%), and the OOP costs ratio (14%). Compared with outpatients, the ZMDP’s implementation significantly reduced inpatients’ total expenditure (5.82%) and reimbursable expenses (8.61%) but showed no significant relationship between OOP costs and the OOP costs ratio. Thus, it is important to distinguish outpatients from inpatients, as the ZMDP only significantly reduces outpatients’ OOP costs. We believe that the difference between outpatients and inpatients in the share of drug expenditure (in the total expenditure) when visiting doctors and the shift from drug expenditure to other expenditure categories can explain the ineffectiveness of the policy for inpatients. Therefore, future reforms should focus on reducing inpatient costs.

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Evaluation of Caesarean Expenditures of Households in Benin

Gnimassou,

Filiz

2023

Health & Social Care in the Community

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After years of effort, sub-Saharan Africa has seen little improvement in maternal and neonatal health indicators. Providing all women with access to emergency obstetric care is an accepted effective strategy to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. In many African countries such as Benin, the cost of health care is a major obstacle to access obstetric care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the caesarean section expenditures of households in Benin and to determine the strategies for obtaining the necessary resources to meet the caesarean section expenditures of the households. Three hospitals and 505 households in the Littoral region were sampled, and data were collected by applying a questionnaire to the people accompanying the woman to the hospital. The socioeconomic status of the households was evaluated using a wealth index created by principal component analysis. Factors significantly associated with expenditure were determined using multivariate linear regression analysis. Despite the free caesarean section policy in effect, households spend a median of US$180.60 (IQR: 148.13–222.35) for a caesarean section, of which 76.0% are direct costs, 17.0% are indirect costs, and 7.0% are opportunity costs. Expenditures vary considerably depending on the residence area of the household, the presence of complications, the presence of health insurance, the socioeconomic class of the households, the education level, and working status of the woman. Finally, households use 11 strategies to obtain funds to pay for the caesarean costs. While poor households resort to foreign aid, asset sales, and/or current spending cuts, the rich use their income and/or savings to cover their caesarean section expenses. The results favour the adoption of a mechanism for direct exemption of the costs of caesarean sections payable by the poorest households, in addition to the current free caesarean policy.

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The Determination of the Factors Affecting Pharmaceutical Consumption in Respect to Provinces in Turkey

Abstract: Pharmaceutical expense constitutes a great part of health service expenses. The increase in pharmaceutical consumption will also increase the health expenses.

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

Inequalities in Consumption Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals: Evidence from Malaysia

Inequalities in Consumption Expenditure on Pharmaceuticals: Evidence from Malaysia

Effects of Drug Price Changes on Patient Expenditure: Evidence from China’s Zero Markup Drug Policy

Evaluation of Caesarean Expenditures of Households in Benin

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