“…Its usage may be the only option when assessing chemical effects under conditions where field experiments cannot be carried out (Ang et al, 2001). Examples of such ecological risk models are the Integrated Fate and Effect Model (IFEM) (Bartell et al, 1988), the Littoral Ecosystem Risk Assessment Model (LERAM) (Hanratty and Liber, 1996), the Comprehensive Aquatic Systems Model (CASM) (Bartell et al, 1999), CATS-5 (Traas et al, 2001), CASM SUWA (Naito et al, 2002), and AQUATOX (Park, 1990;Clough, 2004, 2012).…”