The development of a blood clotting response test for discriminating between difenacoum-resistant and susceptible Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus, berk.)

Gill, J. E.; Kerins, Gerard M.; Langton, S. D.; MacNicoll, Alan

doi:10.1016/0742-8413(93)90106-u

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…They do not rely on feeding behaviour, they can give meaningful results within 24 h, and test animals can be subjected to further tests or used for breeding. BCR tests were developed to distinguish rats of established homozygous resistant rat strains from susceptible laboratory strains (Martin et al 1979;Gill et al 1993), or to detect small decreases in susceptibility compared to a certain strain of susceptible laboratory rat (Gill et al 1994;Prescott and Buckle 2000). Each of these test protocols varies from others in some parameters, and most important, the relative dose of the test compound given to distinguish responders from non-responders varies between them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility to the anticoagulants bromadiolone and coumatetralyl in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the UK and Germany

Endepols

Prescott

Klemann³

et al. 2007

International Journal of Pest Management

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A new blood clotting response test was used to determine the susceptibility, to coumatetralyl and bromadiolone, of laboratory strains of Norway rat from Germany and the UK (Hampshire), and wild rats trapped on farms in Wales (UK) and Westphalia (Germany). Resistance factors were calculated in relation to the CD strain of Norway rat. An outbred strain of wild rats, raised from rats trapped in Germany, was found to be more susceptible to coumatetralyl by a factor of 0.5 -0.6 compared to the CD strain. Homozygous and heterozygous animals of a strain of resistant rats from Westphalia were cross-resistant to coumatetralyl and bromadiolone, with a higher resistance factor for bromadiolone than that found in both UK strains. Our results show that the degree of altered susceptibility and resistance varies between strains of wild rat and between resistance foci. Some wild rat strains may be more susceptible than laboratory rat strains. Even in a well-established resistance area, it may be difficult to find infestations with resistance high enough to suspect control problems with bromadiolone, even after decades of use of this compound.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility to the anticoagulants bromadiolone and coumatetralyl in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the UK and Germany

Endepols

Prescott

Klemann³

et al. 2007

International Journal of Pest Management

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“…For R. norvegicus, an animal is considered to be susceptible if, after a specified period of dosing, its plasma PCA is less than 17% (Martin et al, 1979;MacNicoll and Gill, 1993;Prescott and Buckle, 2000) or 10% (Gill et al, 1994;Gill et al, 1993). In this rat species, PCA of 17% corresponded approximately with an INR of 5 using Diagen rabbit brain thromboplastin reagent (Prescott et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After dosing, animals that show substantially reduced clotting activity are considered susceptible, while those showing smaller changes in clotting times after dosing are considered resistant (Kerins et al, 1993). The Prothrombin Time (PT) is a test that provides a measure of the extrinsic blood coagulation system, and is commonly used to indicate clinical effects of anticoagulants (Poller and Hirsh, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood clotting response test for detecting resistance to second generation anticoagulant bromadiolone in house rat (Rattus rattus)

Garg¹,

Singla²

2015

IJAR

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Blood clotting response (BCR) test is a faster method with fewer ethical constraints than feed-testing and is widely used to monitor resistance. The second-generation anticoagulant, bromadiolone is being used to control rodents all over India for the last several years. To investigate whether its use has resulted in development of resistance in house rat, Rattus rattus, BCR test was standardized. Plasma samples of 15 rats of both the sexes were pooled separately and diluted with phosphatebuffered saline (pH 7.4). Ten different dilutions of plasma i.e. 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% were tested for Prothrombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) using rabbit brain thromboplastin reagent in coagulation analyzer. Time to clotting was converted into percent clotting activity (PCA) relative to plasma dilutions, to plot a standard curve. The PT of 15.7 and 17.6 sec for 100% plasma corresponded to INR of 0.8 and 0.9 in male and female rats, respectively. PCA of 22.3% corresponded with PT and INR of 70.3 sec and 3.8, respectively in male rats and PCA of 27.6% corresponded with PT and INR of 63.6 sec and 3.5, respectively in female rats. Data for PT and INR and standard curve for PCA vs PT prepared during present study can be further used to determine current status of bromadiolone resistance in R. rattus populations based on discriminating dose of bromadiolone.

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“…The aim of this monitoring is to avoid VKA adverse event and to follow possible change in patient physiology (hepatic induction). The purpose of the monitoring of parameters in rodent research is to test VKA molecules or rodent resistance strains [9,10]. They were standardized by the Rodenticide…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These challenges were quite long (many days) and have many shortcomings concerning the animal welfare and the repeatability. Later, new methods based on blood clotting response tests -i.e., 3 the prothrombin time (PT), have been developed [9][10][11]. This new method reduce the experimentation time to 24 h, but is associated with major issues -i.e., the reproducibility and the repeatability of the test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of antivitamin K-dependent anticoagulation in rodents – Towards an evolution of the methodology to detect resistance in rodents

Lefebvre

Hascoët

Damin-Pernik

et al. 2017

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

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Vitamin K antagonists are used as rodenticides for pest control management. In rodents, prothrombin time is used to monitor their effect despite its limits and the emergence of many coagulation methods. The aim of this study is to explore different coagulation monitoring methods in order to propose the best method and the best parameter to monitor vitamin K antagonists effect in rodents.The coagulation function was thus monitored with global coagulation assays and specialty assays after difethialone administration in rats.Despite many parameters obtained by thromboelastometry, only clotting time and clot formation time obtained by ExTEM were modified. Their evolution was fast with doubling time 1 respectively of 4.0h and 3.7h but their increases were delayed with a lag time higher than 8h.Conversely, prothrombin time evolution presented a lag time of only 2h, but a higher doubling time of 7.2h. The measurements of factor VII and X activities were the most sensitive assays to monitor vitamin K antagonists effect with almost no lag time and the fastest evolution.Nevertheless, factor X was shown to be the only key factor driving prothrombin time.Monitoring factor X activity enables to follow most effectively the anticoagulation status in rats after rodenticides administration.

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The development of a blood clotting response test for discriminating between difenacoum-resistant and susceptible Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus, berk.)

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Susceptibility to the anticoagulants bromadiolone and coumatetralyl in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the UK and Germany

Susceptibility to the anticoagulants bromadiolone and coumatetralyl in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the UK and Germany

Blood clotting response test for detecting resistance to second generation anticoagulant bromadiolone in house rat (Rattus rattus)

Monitoring of antivitamin K-dependent anticoagulation in rodents – Towards an evolution of the methodology to detect resistance in rodents

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