The development of a digestion procedure for the determination of metals in gum obtained from deposits in internal combustion engines by ICP–OES

Vale, Maria do Socorro; Lopes, Gisele S.; Gouveia, Sandro Thomaz

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.03.022

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Classical strategies are generally used to detect Zn and Cd elements in grains, such as ame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 7 graphite furnace AAS (GF-AAS), 8 inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), 9 and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 10 Because these spectrometric instruments all require liquid samples for analysis, they have several shortcomings, including greatly reduced analysis speed and increased possibility of contamination and analyte loss caused by the acid digestion of the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous trapping of Zn and Cd by a tungsten coil and its application to grain analysis using electrothermal inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous trapping of Zn and Cd by a tungsten coil and its application to grain analysis using electrothermal inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

et al. 2016

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“…The determination of trace elements via inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is widely applied because of the high sensitivity and low detection limits of this method and, especially, the possibility of performing multi-element analysis [16,17]. However, no available study mentions the use of this technique for the monitoring of chloride via the determination of its main counterions in aqueous crude oil extracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and determination of chloride in crude oil based on the counterions Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe, quantified via ICP-OES in the crude oil aqueous extract

Souza

Ribeiro

Carneiro

et al. 2015

Fuel

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h i g h l i g h t sChloride salts contained in crude oil can cause corrosion and encrustation in distillation towers. Chloride concentrations can be obtained via ICP-OES through the analysis of its counterions. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed through comparison with the results of FAAS. The modified standard test method of ASTM D 6470-99 extraction was compared with microwave-assisted acid digestion. The study demonstrated that Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe were mainly associated with chloride. a b s t r a c tOf the salts present in crude oil, sodium, calcium, magnesium, strontium and iron chlorides are the most abundant and are considered the main cause of corrosion in crude oil refineries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the main chloride counterions (Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe) using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after hot solvent extraction (modified ASTM D 6470-99). The procedure developed in this work allowed samples with different°API values (17.4-30.2) originating from the post-salt to be studied. Under the operational conditions of ICP-OES, robust plasma (Mg II/Mg I > 10 for the axial and radial configurations) was obtained based on evaluation of the ratio of the Mg II/Mg I intensities. Furthermore, yttrium was used as an internal standard, resulting in as little interference with the analytical signal as possible. This procedure achieved detection limits on the order of 0.99 mg L À1 , 0.025 mg L À1 , 0.33 lg L À1 , 0.06 ng L À1 and 0.26 lg L À1 for Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe, respectively. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed through addition/recovery tests (91-120%) and through comparison with the results obtained with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The modified standard test method of ASTM D 6470-99 extraction was compared with microwaveassisted acid digestion and was found to achieve extractions higher than 92.44% for Na and 81.06% for Sr from two of the analysed extracts. Finally, the chloride concentrations obtained via potentiometric titration and ICP-OES (through the analysis of chloride with its counterions) in the aqueous extract indicated a high correlation between Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe and chloride (105.10%, 99.33% and 102.12% for the evaluated samples).

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“…The production of glycerol ethers, − esters, and ketals and acetals is also of great interest, because some of these compounds have potential as fuel additives. The fuel degradation promotes the formation of gum, which causes deposits in filters and distribution lines . The tert-butylation of glycerol affords the tert-butyl-glyceryl ethers, which have been blended with biodiesel to improve its properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerin Derivatives as Fuel Additives: The Addition of Glycerol/Acetone Ketal (Solketal) in Gasolines

Mota¹,

Silva²,

Rosenbach³

et al. 2010

Energy Fuels

223

116

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Glycerin was reacted with acetone and formaldehyde to produce the correspondent ketal (solketal) and acetal, respectively. These compounds were blended in 1, 3, and 5 vol % with gasoline containing 0 and 25 vol % ethanol. The addition of the glycerin derivatives did not significantly change the distillation curve of the gasolines. The solketal reduced the gum formation in both gasolines (with and without ethanol) and increased the octane number up to 2.5 points in the gasoline without ethanol. The glycerin/formaldehyde acetal was only soluble in the gasoline containing ethanol and led to an increase in gum formation and a slight reduction (up to −0.75 points) in the octane number. These results indicate that solketal has a potential for blending with regular gasoline and may be an alternative for the glycerin produced from biodiesel.

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The development of a digestion procedure for the determination of metals in gum obtained from deposits in internal combustion engines by ICP–OES

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Simultaneous trapping of Zn and Cd by a tungsten coil and its application to grain analysis using electrothermal inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Simultaneous trapping of Zn and Cd by a tungsten coil and its application to grain analysis using electrothermal inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Evaluation and determination of chloride in crude oil based on the counterions Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe, quantified via ICP-OES in the crude oil aqueous extract

Glycerin Derivatives as Fuel Additives: The Addition of Glycerol/Acetone Ketal (Solketal) in Gasolines

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