The development of a model to predict the erosion of materials by natural contaminants

Head, W.J.; Harr, Milton E.

doi:10.1016/0043-1648(70)90184-5

Cited by 94 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, even if it did, during energy transmission through the granular layer, it could happen that a vertical impulse is in part rotated to yield a lateral component, and, likewise, a lateral input is in part rotated to yield a vertical component. The tangential velocity component can contribute to erosion through 'cutting wear', but in general, this is thought to be negligible when brittle material is impacted by rounded grains (Head & Harr, 1970;Sklar & Dietrich, 2004). As a result, the saltation-abrasion model (Sklar & Dietrich, 2004) does not treat transverse components of the impact, but focuses on the vertical components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of sediment thickness on energy delivery to the bed by bedload impacts

Turowski

Bloem

2015

Geodinamica Acta

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Fluvial bedrock erosion rates due to impacting sediment particles are thought to be proportional to the energy delivered to the bedrock. When sediment particles cover the bed, they reduce the energy transmitted to the bed by an impacting particle. We measured the decline of energy transferred through sediment cover of increasing thickness in laboratory experiments. The energy arriving at the bed is a function both of the cover thickness and the grain size of the covering sediment. Using a simple stochastic model of cover distribution, the experimental results were upscaled to the reach scale. Although cover thickness influences energy delivery heavily at a given point, when averaging over the whole bed, cover-free areas dominate total energy delivery, making partial energy transfer through the cover negligible when a small or intermediate fraction of the bed is covered by sediment. Partial energy delivery through the bed cover is not negligible when a large fraction or the complete bed is already covered, but in this situation, an erosion threshold may become important. On grounds of the presented data, we expect that the areal distribution of sediment in a bedrock channel dominates total energy delivery and that partial energy delivery to the bed through a sediment layer can be neglected for most modelling purposes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of sediment thickness on energy delivery to the bed by bedload impacts

Turowski

Bloem

2015

Geodinamica Acta

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“…An examination of the energy balance during the impact indicates that at least 90% of the initial kinetic energy of the particle is dissipated in plastic deformation in the target and confirms that it is permissible, for the purpose of this calculation, to ignore elastic effects. Figure 2 illustrates how the initial kinetic energy of an erosive particle is partitioned after normal impact: the kinetic energy of the rebounding particle is estimated from measured coefficients of restitution of erosive grit particles (20)(21)(22)) and the energy radiated into the target as elastic waves may be estimated theoretically (23). No great error is introduced by assuming that all the initial kinetic energy of the particle is available to form the indentation, the volume, v, of which will therefore be given by: (4) This relationship was first determined empirically by Martel in 1895 (24) and will be approximately true for impacts on metals by erosive particles of any shape at the impact velocities typical of erosion (~10-500 m s-1 ), provided that the particle does not deform or fracture and that elastic effects can be neglected.…”

Section: B Calculation Of Ion Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

A model for the erosion of metals by spherical particles at normal incidence

Hutchings

1981

Wear

390

136

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A theoretical analysis is presented for the erosion of metals by spheres at normal incidence. The model employs a criterion of critical plastic strain to determine when material will be removed, and predicts velocity exponents of 3 for erosion and -2 for the mass of spherical particles which must hit the surface before material is removed. The mechanical properties of the metal are described by two quantities: its dynamic hardness and its ductility under erosion conditions. Data obtained in experiments with aluminium alloys as well as previously published data are compared with the theory.

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“…Several attempts have been made to understand the effect of different parameters, such as; temperature, particles size, and microstructure of both the impinging and eroding surfaces on the solid particles erosion process [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, each parameter behaves in a manner peculiar to each process and is often complex due to interrelated variables involved [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Among these parameters, particle velocity and impact angle play critical roles in the erosion process [25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erosion Behaviour of API X100 Pipeline Steel at Various Impact Angles and Particle Speeds

Okonkwo

Shakoor

Zagho

et al. 2016

Metals

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Abstract:Erosion is the gradual removal of material due to solid particle impingement and results in a failure of pipeline materials. In this study, a series of erosion tests were carried out to investigate the influence of particle speed and impact angle on the erosion mechanism of API X100 pipeline steel. A dry erosion machine was used as the test equipment, while the particle speed ranged from 20 to 80 m/s and impact angles of 30 • and 90 • were used as test parameters. The eroded API X100 steel surface was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The weight loss and erosion rate were also investigated. The results showed that at a 90 • impact angle, a ploughing mechanism was occurring on the tested specimens, while material removal through low-angle cutting was the dominant mechanism at lower impact angles. Embedment of alumina particles on the target steel surface, micro-cutting, and low-angle cutting were observed at low impact angles. Therefore, the scratches, cuttings, and severe ploughings observed on some failed oil and gas pipelines could be attributed to the erosion mechanism.

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The development of a model to predict the erosion of materials by natural contaminants

Cited by 94 publications

References 10 publications

The influence of sediment thickness on energy delivery to the bed by bedload impacts

The influence of sediment thickness on energy delivery to the bed by bedload impacts

A model for the erosion of metals by spherical particles at normal incidence

Erosion Behaviour of API X100 Pipeline Steel at Various Impact Angles and Particle Speeds

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