The Development of a Waste Management System in Kerbala during Major Pilgrimage Events: Determination of Solid Waste Composition

Abdulredha, Muhammad; Khaddar, Rafid Al; Jordan, David; Hashim, Khalid

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.007

Cited by 81 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In this event, pilgrims travel to Kerbala to visit the shrine of Imam Hussain (the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad) to commemorate his martyrdom with his companions and family, adopting various modes of transportation such as walking on foot (Mujtaba Husein 2018). Al-Modarresi (2014) reported that pilgrims who walk hundreds of miles from other Iraqi cities, or cross the border from other countries, do not need to carry anything except the clothes they wear as there are thousands of service camps (known as 'Mawakibs') lining the pilgrims paths, and in Kerbala city, that provide shelter, fresh food and all the needs of pilgrims, free of charge (Abdulredha et al 2017c). The city also has 667 hotels (CSOI 2016), which tend to be fully occupied during this event.…”

Section: Study Area and Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate data about the event MSW such as generation rates and composition do not exist, leading to weak planning and service delivery (Abdulredha et al 2018a). This situation has led to an improper MSWM infrastructure and illegal MSW dumping (Abdulredha et al 2017c). Al-Anbari et al (2014) suggested that the MSWM situation in Kerbala has reached a state of crisis making it imperative that a critical evaluative study be applied to address the challenges facing Kerbala and enable management institutions to prioritise their actions to make improvements to the system.…”

Section: Study Area and Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two respondents were from KMs, in charge of MSW collection at the main entrances of the Arba'een event area ( Fig. 1) (Abdulredha et al 2017c). From Fig.…”

Section: Background and Affiliation Of Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is higher than that produced by other pilgrimages such as World Youth Day (Catholic), 490 tonnes produced by 3.7 million pilgrims over 5 days (Salt & Light 2013), by Kumbh Mela (Hindus), 300 tonnes produced by 8 million over 1 day (Gangwar and Joshi 2008), and from the Hajj event (Muslim), 17 kt produced by 3.69 million pilgrims over 5 days (Alsebaei 2014). Table 1 provides a summary of the main components of the refuse collected during the Arba'een (Abdulredha et al 2017c) and the refuse over the year (Al-masoudi and Al-haidary 2015). The Arba'een event MSW is comparable to the MSW normally generated in the city (Al-masoudi and Al-haidary 2015) and to the MSW produced in middle-income countries (Wilson et al 2012).…”

Section: City Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating municipal solid waste management system performance during the Arba’een event in the city of Kerbala, Iraq

Abdulredha

Kot

Khaddar

et al. 2018

Environ Dev Sustain

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Every year, many religious events attended by 300 million pilgrims take place in many holy cities and sites around the world. However, research on municipal solid waste is limited despite the reputation of religious events to generate substantial amounts of waste. This research aims to address this gap and contribute to new knowledge on municipal solid waste management at religious events by investigating and evaluating the municipal solid waste management system applied at the Arba'een event in Kerbala, one of the largest religious events in Iraq. Field observations and in-depth interviews with nine senior managers from Kerbala's municipalities were conducted during the event in 2016, to develop an overall picture of the municipal solid waste management system applied during the event. The data were analysed using thematic analysis and fed to the 'Wasteaware' benchmark indicators framework to evaluate the performance of the event system. The results indicated that the system suffers from operational and governance weaknesses. Despite a focus on municipal solid waste collection and transportation, the collection coverage is only ~ 70%. There is no controlled landfill site in Kerbala. It is estimated that currently ~ 5% of the event municipal solid waste is recycled by informal recyclers: there is no formal recycling scheme. Kerbala does not perform well regarding governance. The inclusivity of providers and users of the municipal solid waste management services is minimal during the event, as the majority of stakeholders are not included in decision-making processes. Municipal solid waste management services are delivered free of charge, thus significantly influencing the financial sustainability of the system. This study recommends that MSW recycling should be encouraged through integrating the informal sector, improving public awareness and introducing a formal recycling scheme to make the event municipal solid waste management system effective and financially sustainable.

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Section: Study Area and Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Area and Eventmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two respondents were from KMs, in charge of MSW collection at the main entrances of the Arba'een event area ( Fig. 1) (Abdulredha et al 2017c). From Fig.…”

Section: Background and Affiliation Of Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: City Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Investigating municipal solid waste management system performance during the Arba’een event in the city of Kerbala, Iraq

Abdulredha

Kot

Khaddar

et al. 2018

Environ Dev Sustain

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Al-Juboury [25] studied the concentration of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediments of the Tigris River and some of its tributaries and found that the concentrations of these metals were more than the allowable limits. Rabee, et al [26] investigated concentration of Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu and Cd in the sediments of the Tigris River inside the region of Baghdad.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%