The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France

Bihan, Blanche Le; Sopadzhiyan, Alis

doi:10.4324/9781315612805-8

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…In France, where the formalization of care has been a main concern, (publicly subsidized) non‐profit organizations still dominate care markets (Le Bihan & Sopadzhiyan, ). However, the level of care quality offered is heterogeneous, and the professionalization of care work has slowed down due to cost containment.…”

Section: The Turn To Optional Familialism Through the Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

The turn to optional familialism through the market: Long‐term care, cash‐for‐care, and caregiving policies in Europe

2019

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Cash‐for‐care (CfC) schemes are monetary transfers to people in need of care who can use them to organize their own care arrangements. Mostly introduced in the 1990s, these schemes combine different policy objectives, as they can aim at (implicitly or explicitly) supporting informal caregivers as well as increasing user choice in long‐term care or even foster the formalization of care relations and the creation of care markets. This article explores from a comparative perspective, how CfC schemes, within broader long‐term care policies, envision, frame, and aim to condition informal care, if different models of relationships between CfC and informal care exist and how these have persisted or changed over time and into which directions. Building on the scholarly debate on familialization vs. defamilialization policies, the paper proposes an analytical framework to investigate the trajectories of seven European countries over a period of 20 years. The results show that, far from being simply instruments of supported familialism, CfC schemes have contributed to a turn towards “optional familialism through the market,” according to which families are encouraged to provide family care and are (directly or indirectly) given alternatives through the provision of market care.

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Section: The Turn To Optional Familialism Through the Marketmentioning

confidence: 99%

The turn to optional familialism through the market: Long‐term care, cash‐for‐care, and caregiving policies in Europe

2019

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“…The French and Spanish explicit efforts to tap on the potentialities for generating employment within the care sector through the implementation of CfC schemes illustrate these dynamics quite accurately. Thus, even when CfC policy designs explicitly entailed an employment relation between the person cared for, and a paid caregiver such as in France, the evolution of the discussions about the implementation of the programme evolved more into debates about the quality of the care provided, rather than on the nature of the employment generated under these schemes (Le Bihan & Sopadzhiyan, ), reflecting the underlying framing of LTC as a family responsibility that only changing sociodemographic conditions pushed towards the establishment of professional relations. Similarly, the Spanish commitment to a professionalization of care provision was quickly left aside when public finances became strained by the economic crisis, and informal markets and families where once again expected to solve the care needs of a quickly ageing population (Comisiones Obreras, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its inception, the APA explicitly had two main objectives: to provide for the growing care demand and to reduce unemployment and informal care through the professionalization of the LTC sector. Although the first goal has been reasonably addressed, the second objective is considered to have partly failed, considering the often precarious nature of the jobs created in the care sector (Le Bihan & Sopadzhiyan, ). According to the 2011 employment survey, there were 535 thousand care workers (most of them presumably paid by the APA).…”

Section: Employment: Policy Goals and Trajectories Under Cfcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the 2011 employment survey, there were 535 thousand care workers (most of them presumably paid by the APA). The employment situation of professional care workers is generally characterized by precarious working conditions and insufficient training, contributing to keeping the sector unattractive to prospective employees (Le Bihan & Sopadzhiyan, ). The majority of care workers are employed on a permanent contract, but there is a high prevalence of part‐time work (more than 70% of workers), and of situations in which the care worker has several employers (Marquier, ).…”

Section: Employment: Policy Goals and Trajectories Under Cfcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cash for care and care employment: (Missing) debates and realities

Roit

Fuentes

2019

Soc Policy Adm

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The introduction of cash‐for‐care (CfC) schemes in different European countries over the last years has responded to a plurality of strategies aimed at attending the rising demand and increasing costs of the long‐term care needs of an ageing population. The specific system of care provision in each country shaped the response given to those challenges, as well as the room for manoeuvre for policymakers when trying to transform the domain of care into a sphere where markets may play a larger role, partly relieving families, and also the state, from these responsibilities. Policy debates and scholarly analyses largely overlooked the contribution of these schemes to the creation and shaping of employment. This article provides a comparative analysis of how CfC‐based policies entail—alongside the regulation of informal care—a(n implicit or explicit) connection with care employment and may contribute to structuring employment relations in this sector. It looks jointly at the specific features of CfC and at the institutional context—welfare regime—in which they are embedded in order to assess the extent to which these schemes contributed (generally unintendedly) to a transformation of the care employment size and features in seven European countries.

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“…People in need of care were provided with a cash benefit that could be spent as they pleased. Differently, in France, the objective of supporting families was combined with that of creating and regulating a care labour market (Le Bihan & Sopadzhiyan, ). The benefit was to be spent to formalize care work and seen as an employment policy instrument to reduce unemployment (Martin, ).…”

Section: The Multiple Logics and Designs Of Rising Cfcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cash for long‐term care: Policy debates, visions, and designs on the move

Roit

Bihan

2019

Soc Policy Adm

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Cash‐for‐care (CfC) schemes have introduced a key transformation in long‐term care policies across Europe since the 1990s. The article explores the extent to which CfC policies have changed over time and into which directions, the ways in which change (if any) has occurred and the forces underlying it. By combining the literature on institutional change with ideational approaches, the article focuses on policy theories and policy designs, on modes of change and factors pushing for change within the CfC policy, and in the long‐term care and neighbouring policy fields. In doing so, we aim to contribute to understanding institutional change and the transformation of an increasingly important sector of the welfare state.

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The development of an ambiguous care work sector in France

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

The turn to optional familialism through the market: Long‐term care, cash‐for‐care, and caregiving policies in Europe

The turn to optional familialism through the market: Long‐term care, cash‐for‐care, and caregiving policies in Europe

Cash for care and care employment: (Missing) debates and realities

Cash for long‐term care: Policy debates, visions, and designs on the move

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