The Development of an UAV Borne Direct Georeferenced Photogrammetric Platform for Ground Control Point Free Applications

Chiang, Kai-Wei; Tsai, Meng Lun; Chu, Chih‐Ping

doi:10.3390/s120709161

Cited by 84 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The balance between the UAV payload capacity and the required accuracy for the final mapping product is one of the key challenges of UAV-based mapping. For example, UAV payload restrictions might enforce the use of lower-grade (consumer-grade) sensors which in turn will negatively affect the quality of the final product (Chiang et al, 2012). Alternatively, the use of large UAVs with heavier payloads, which can handle mapping-grade sensors, would sacrifice the cost benefit.…”

Section: Uav Multi-sensor System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

System Considerations and Challendes in 3d Mapping and Modeling Using Low-Cost Uav Systems

Lari

El‐Sheimy

2015

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:In the last few years, low-cost UAV systems have been acknowledged as an affordable technology for geospatial data acquisition that can meet the needs of a variety of traditional and non-traditional mapping applications. In spite of its proven potential, UAV-based mapping is still lacking in terms of what is needed for it to become an acceptable mapping tool. In other words, a well-designed system architecture that considers payload restrictions as well as the specifications of the utilized direct geo-referencing component and the imaging systems in light of the required mapping accuracy and intended application is still required. Moreover, efficient data processing workflows, which are capable of delivering the mapping products with the specified quality while considering the synergistic characteristics of the sensors onboard, the wide range of potential users who might lack deep knowledge in mapping activities, and time constraints of emerging applications, are still needed to be adopted. Therefore, the introduced challenges by having low-cost imaging and georeferencing sensors onboard UAVs with limited payload capability, the necessity of efficient data processing techniques for delivering required products for intended applications, and the diversity of potential users with insufficient mapping-related expertise needs to be fully investigated and addressed by UAV-based mapping research efforts. This paper addresses these challenges and reviews system considerations, adaptive processing techniques, and quality assurance/quality control procedures for achievement of accurate mapping products from these systems.

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Section: Uav Multi-sensor System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

System Considerations and Challendes in 3d Mapping and Modeling Using Low-Cost Uav Systems

Lari

El‐Sheimy

2015

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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“…Clearly, since the median is a more robust estimator with respect to the mean, it shall be considered in (6) and (7), in particular when the number of images is relatively low. Table 4 reports the results obtained comparing photogrammetric and TLS reconstructions.…”

Section: Photogrammetric Reconstruction With the Uwb Positioning Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mobile mapping systems, based on terrestrial/aerial vehicles or on human-carried devices, have been used in the past dozen of years to map and monitor areas of interest for a wide range of applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. These systems are equipped with navigation and imaging sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Two Indoor Mapping Systems: Low-Cost UWB-Aided Photogrammetry and Backpack Laser Scanning

et al. 2018

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During the past dozen years, several mobile mapping systems based on the use of imaging and positioning sensors mounted on terrestrial (and aerial) vehicles have been developed. Recently, systems characterized by an increased portability have been proposed in order to enable mobile mapping in environments that are difficult to access for vehicles, in particular for indoor environments. In this work the performance of a low-cost mobile mapping system is compared with that of: (i) a state-of-the-art terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), considered as the control; (ii) a mobile mapping backpack system (Leica Pegasus), which can be considered as the state-of-the-art of commercial mobile mapping backpack systems. The aim of this paper is two-fold: first, assessing the reconstruction accuracy of the proposed low-cost mobile mapping system, based on photogrammetry and ultra-wide band (UWB) for relative positioning (and a GNSS receiver if georeferencing is needed), with respect to a TLS survey in an indoor environment, where the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal is not available; second, comparing such performance with that obtained with the Leica backpack. Both mobile mapping systems are designed to work without any control point, to enable an easy and quick survey (e.g., few minutes) and to be easily portable (relatively low weight and small size). The case study deals with the 3D reconstruction of a medieval bastion in Padua, Italy. Reconstruction using the Leica Pegasus backpack allowed obtaining a smaller absolute error with respect to the UWB-based photogrammetric system. In georeferenced coordinates, the root mean square (RMS) error was respectively 16.1 cm and 50.3 cm; relative error in local coordinates was more similar, respectively 8.2 cm and 6.1 cm. Given the much lower cost (approximately $6k), the proposed photogrammetric-based system can be an interesting alternative when decimetric reconstruction accuracy in georeferenced coordinates is sufficient.

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“…Similarly, the concepts can also be applied to accurate mapping applications using UAS images. Although some studies have focused on direct georeferencing of UAS images (BLÁHA et al, 2011;Chiang et al, 2012;Turner et al, 2014), most commercial UASs cannot carry highly accurate inertial measurement units because of their limited payload. Additionally, only single-frequency carrier phase GPS observations are used for kinematic GPS positioning, and GPS positioning results are only better than navigation-grade GPS positioning results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VBS RTK GPS-Assisted Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment for Aerial Triangulation of Fixed-Wing Uas Images for Updating Topographic Maps

Chio

2016

Bol. Ciênc. Geod.

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Abstract:Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) can collect high resolution and high quality images for local mapping. If the highly accurate GPS flying trajectory of a UAS is collected, it can support bundle adjustment aerial triangulation (AT) of UAS images and reduce the demands on ground control points (GCPs). This study installs a Trimble BD970 GNSS OEM on a fixed-wing UAS for capturing highly accurate GPS data by using a Virtual Base Station (VBS) RTK GPS technique for AT. Meanwhile, the GPS antenna-camera offset is resolved by stripwise linear drift parameters introduced in GPS observation equations, while performing bundle adjustment for AT. Additionally, self-calibration bundle adjustment is used in VBS RTK GPS-assisted AT to solve incomplete camera parameters calibrated by a close-range photogrammetric approach. The results show that the AT accuracy of fixed-wing UAS images collected with a 24 mm focal-length Canon EOS 5D Mark II camera at a flying height of 550 m above ground level is 0.21 m in planimetry and 0.22 m in height using two cross strips with two full GCPs at each corner of the block. The RMSE of check points from stereoscopic viewing can reach 0.27 m in planimetry and 0.24 m in height. The test results show that the accuracy of VBS RTK GPS-assisted bundle adjustment with self-calibration for the AT of fixed-wing UAS image can be used for updating local 1/5000 topographic maps in Taiwan. Keywords: VBS RTK GPS, Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment, Aerial Triangulation, UAS Resumo:Imagens de alta resolução espacial e radiométrica podem ser coletadas por Sistemas de Aeronaves Não Tripuladas (UASs) para fins de mapeamento local. Se a trajetória de um UAS é coletada por antena GPS de alta confiabilidade, os dados obtidos podem ser empregados no processo de fototriangulação e ajudar a reduzir o custo do projeto em apoio de campo (GCPs). Neste trabalho foi instalada uma antena da Trimble BD970 GNSS OEM na asa de um UAS para captar dados GPS usando a técnica GPS RTK da Estação Base Virtual (VBS). O parâmetro de deslocamento linear da origem da antena GPS em relação ao sistema referencial da câmera foi solucionado por fototriangulação. Além disso, uma auto-calibração de câmeras foi usada na fototriangulação assistida por VBS RTK GPS para refinar os parâmetros de orientação interior da camera, determinados com uma calibração prévia a partir de uma abordagem a curta distância. Os resultados mostraram que a partir de uma câmera Canon EOS 5D Mark II com distância focal de 24 mm e imagens coletadas por um UAS a uma altura de voo em torno de 550 m a acurácia planimétrica é de 0.21 m e altimétrica de 0.22 m usando duas faixas

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The Development of an UAV Borne Direct Georeferenced Photogrammetric Platform for Ground Control Point Free Applications

Cited by 84 publications

References 8 publications

System Considerations and Challendes in 3d Mapping and Modeling Using Low-Cost Uav Systems

System Considerations and Challendes in 3d Mapping and Modeling Using Low-Cost Uav Systems

Performance Evaluation of Two Indoor Mapping Systems: Low-Cost UWB-Aided Photogrammetry and Backpack Laser Scanning

VBS RTK GPS-Assisted Self-Calibration Bundle Adjustment for Aerial Triangulation of Fixed-Wing Uas Images for Updating Topographic Maps

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