The Development of Community-based Tourism: Re-thinking the Relationship Between Tour Operators and Development Agents as Intermediaries in Rural and Isolated Area Communities

Wearing, Stephen; McDonald, Matthew

doi:10.1080/09669580208667162

Cited by 191 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, the models of operations that have been represented to rural and isolated area communities has led to a paradoxical problem; as rural and isolated area communities have very few models to operate within other than those of the dominant Western models, tour operators then tend to treat their own communities as "other" to be exploited as part of the profit motive. Despite this, due to changing discourses on the role of rural and isolated area communities and the increased availability of economic access, there are expanding opportunities for these communities to explore tourism as a business (Wearing & MacDonald 2002). However, these explorations will not simply materialise without a strategy of local engagement, awareness of cultural and resource capacity and a strategy to operationalise business or micro-business opportunities.…”

Section: Ecotourism: a Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Operations of power between the culture of the tourist and that of the host enable hegemonic constructions of the host's culture. The paper discusses the interactive space created by the various stakeholders in the tourism-management process, which is a continuous process where different social practices and values meet and new meanings are created (Wearing & MacDonald 2002). This is achieved through the examination of practices that are more inclusive of 'other' stakeholders within this context.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As more and more communities worldwide are trying to connect to global tourism developments, we as researchers identify a need to explore, beyond the earlier ideas of people like Valene Smith in 1977 (Smith 1989), the relationship between "host" and "guests". Whereas in earlier days attention was focused Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, Vol.3, No.2, 2011 19 primarily on host-guest interactions, this binary classification is gradually transforming as a result of insistence on a tripartite system; tourists, locals and brokers (Cheong & Millar 2000;Wearing & MacDonald 2002). Milne and Ateljevic (2001, p. 374) argued that "communitybased" approaches are central to many tourism-development plans around the world, and there is a growing realisation that localised cooperation, trust and networking are essential ingredients in providing the right mix for successful tourism-development outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…primarily on host-guest interactions, this binary classification is gradually transforming as a result of insistence on a tripartite system; tourists, locals and brokers (Cheong & Millar 2000;Wearing & MacDonald 2002). Milne and Ateljevic (2001, p. 374) argued that "communitybased" approaches are central to many tourism-development plans around the world, and there is a growing realisation that localised cooperation, trust and networking are essential ingredients in providing the right mix for successful tourism-development outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism

Wearing

Darcy

2011

CCS Journal

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This paper highlights that tourism, due to the fact it is a multi-faceted activity and by implication its management has similar multiple contexts, often leads to the exclusion of many who are part of that tourism context. One area that has been left on the fringes of tourism is how contemporary tourism management has "othered" those regarded as being removed from the neoliberal business foundation of tourism. One such group is the host communities in developing countries. The failure to involve and engage with host communities and develop collaboration in the process of planning and management for tourism is and has in the past been detrimental to the sustainability of tourism. In many cases, host communities have been ignored by the industry, with few or no mechanisms or processes put in place to enable them to participate in the management of tourism. This paper presents an overview of how this engagement of host communities can expand the market for tourism and lead to more satisfying visitor experiences, enhance the sustainability of these experiences and, thus, be considered good management practice within the industry. The paper examines how to engage in these practices and create processes that are both enabling for communities and incorporate research techniques that move beyond the very limited monocultural attempts undertaken by the majority of tourism enterprises today. In widening the involvement of the host community, we turn to mechanisms for engagement to provide a platform to demonstrate how this can be done to provide better management practice. In doing so, we extend the scope of engagement to involve those previously considered to be outside of mainstream tourism enterprises, and present an argument that, if sustainability is to move beyond economic and environmental Western constructs to embrace social sustainability, changing global values require tourism management to adopt more inclusive ways of practice and management principles. Setting a context for Involvement: the "Other"Over the last two decades, as the costs and time required for global travel have decreased dramatically, tourism has been liberated from its former spatial constraints, allowing it to increasingly be a global phenomenon (Harvey 2000). With this has come a need to better understand the terms of engagement between those involved in the exchanges in these spaces to ensure that we understand the more complex arrangements and to ensure benefits from tourism are directed toward all stakeholders. As more and more communities worldwide are trying to connect to global tourism developments, we as researchers identify a need to explore, beyond the earlier ideas of people like Valene Smith in 1977 (Smith 1989), the relationship between "host" and "guests". Whereas in earlier days attention was focused Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, Vol.3, No.2, 2011 19 primarily on host-guest interactions, this binary classification is gradually transforming as a result of insistence on a tripartite system; tourists, locals and...

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Section: Ecotourism: a Way Forward?mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism

Wearing

Darcy

2011

CCS Journal

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“…Collaboration offers a dynamic, process-based mechanism for resolving planning issues and coordinating tourism development at the local level. There are several varieties of CBM such as community-based collaboration [14], community-based tourism [104], and community-based enterprises [36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Models and Approaches for Integrating Protected Areas with Their Surroundings: A Review of the Literature

Penabaz-Wiley

Njeru

et al. 2015

Sustainability

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Several studies have identified threats that originate in areas surrounding protected areas (PAs). While there have been various efforts to integrate PAs with their surroundings, considerable challenges remain. Here we summarize these efforts to date, discuss their effectiveness, and provide recommendations for future research. Based on a broad literature review of theoretical and applied approaches, we have outlined 68 models for balancing conservation and sustainable development in PAs. We comprehensively analyzed 23 of these models for integrating PAs with their surroundings. They were divided into two categories: area-oriented and process-oriented approaches. This review reveals the absolute necessity of combining these two approaches for future conservation and sustainable development of PAs.

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Partnerships, Participation, and Social Science Research in Tourism Planning

Bramwell¹

2004

A Companion to Tourism

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The Development of Community-based Tourism: Re-thinking the Relationship Between Tour Operators and Development Agents as Intermediaries in Rural and Isolated Area Communities

Cited by 191 publications

References 11 publications

Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism

Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism

Models and Approaches for Integrating Protected Areas with Their Surroundings: A Review of the Literature

Partnerships, Participation, and Social Science Research in Tourism Planning

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