The development of epithelial phenotypes in the human fetal and infant breast

Anbazhagan, Ramaswamy; Osin, Pinchas; Bártková, Jiřina; Nathan, B.; Lane, E. Birgitte; Gusterson, Barry A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199802)184:2<197::aid-path992>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 60 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Studies on fetal and infant breasts have shown that cells at the tips of the lobular buds and terminal end buds have a characteristic cytoskeletal protein profile, and may have the capacity to generate both basal and luminal cells. 20 It is likely that basal-like carcinomas originate from such 'stem cells' and therefore demonstrate expression of immunomarkers of both luminal and myoepithelial/basal types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ: recognition and immunohistologic profile

et al. 2006

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The basal phenotype of breast carcinoma was demonstrated from a study of gene expression profiles, which demonstrated five carcinoma phenotypes with differing immunohistologic profiles and outcomes. The basal phenotype, so-named because of an immunohistologic profile that is similar to myoepithelial cells of the breast, has poor outcomes. While the invasive basal phenotype has been described, there is a paucity of literature regarding the existence or recognition of a precursor lesion. We searched our CoPath database for breast carcinomas in the age group of 37 years or less, and this yielded 98 cases from the years 2001 to April 2006. Pathology reports were screened for those cases that were negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2/neu (triple negative). A total of 16 cases (16/98, 16%) fulfilled these criteria. Histology was reviewed and immunostains were performed for Cytokeratins 14, 17, and 5/6, vimentin, EGFR, c-kit, smooth muscle actin and p63. All 16 cases had a high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, Nottingham score 9/9, with geographic necrosis, good circumscription and lymphoid infiltrates. Of the 16 cases, 13 exhibited at least one area of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The DCIS types were solid, flat or micropapillary, high nuclear grade, with comedonecrosis and invariably associated with intense lymphoid inflammatory cell infiltration. Of 16 invasive cases, 14 (88%) were positive for CK14, CK17, CK5/6 and EGFR; 94% were vimentin positive, while half or less of cases were positive for smooth muscle actin, c-kit or p63. All of the DCIS components demonstrated the same immunohistologic profile as the invasive component. A DCIS component of solid, flat or micropapillary type exists in the basal phenotype of breast carcinoma, and it demonstrates the same immunophenotype as the invasive carcinoma, typically positive for CK5/6, CK14, CK17, vimentin and EGFR, but negative for ER/PR and HER-2/neu.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ: recognition and immunohistologic profile

et al. 2006

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“…In human fetal breast, the first smooth muscle marker, a-SMA, was detected in basally located ductal cells after 22 to 23 weeks of gestation (Anbazhagan et al, 1998;Friedrichs et al, 2007). At this developmental stage, luminal and basal cell layers could be clearly distinguished due to differences in expression of K8, the transcription factor AP2-a, the transcription factor AP2-g and HER1, the first two of these markers being restricted to luminal cells and the last two restricted to basal cells (Friedrichs et al, 2007).…”

Section: Differentiation Of Mammary Myoepithelial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mammary gland development and pathology are clearly not identical in different mammalian species. Of note, the quiescent mammary gland of rodents consists of ramified ducts only, comprising small lateral or tertiary branches that give rise to alveoli in pregnancy, whereas adult human mammary gland, even in the absence of pregnancy, contains variable amounts of lobulo-alveoli (Anbazhagan et al, 1998;Naccarato et al, 2000). Another notable difference between rodent and human mammary tissue concerns the stroma, the connective tissue surrounding the mammary epithelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mammary myoepithelial cell

Moumen¹,

Chiche²,

Cagnet³

et al. 2011

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

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“…If so, keratin K19-positive cells presumably do not originate from postnatal human breast epithelial stem cells. An alternative source of keratin K19-positive cells is a pool of fetal stem cells, which could explain why keratin K19 staining of luminal cells in the fetal breast remains homogeneously positive (Anbazhagan et al 1998). According to this hypothesis postnatal keratin K19-positive cells are descendants of a fetal pool of temporary stem cells, and further expansion of these relies largely on self-renewal within this compartment.…”

Section: Cytokeratin Staining Patterns In Normal and Neoplastic Breasmentioning

confidence: 99%