The development of spatial frequency biases in face recognition

Leonard, Hayley C.; Karmiloff‐Smith, Annette; Johnson, Mark H.

doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.03.005

Cited by 72 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This age range was chosen to replicate and extend the investigation by Leonard et al (2010) in typically-developing children, which studied 7-10 year-olds. The age range was extended for the current study to increase the possibility that children in the ASD and WS groups would achieve the same level of performance as the youngest control children at the very least.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduced accuracy when a particular SF band was masked would suggest a greater bias toward this band during the task. In line with Leonard et al (2010), it was expected that typically-developing children would demonstrate a greater bias toward HSFs early in development, and a mid-band bias by the age of 15. Based on the studies by Deruelle et al (2004Deruelle et al ( , 2008, it was hypothesised that children with ASD would demonstrate a bias toward HSFs into adolescence.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In typical development, it has been suggested that younger children may rely more on features for face perception, while older children and adults use a more 'configural' strategy, in which the whole face and the relationship between different features is quickly assessed (e.g., Carey and Diamond 1977;Mondloch et al 2002;Schwarzer 2000; although see Leonard et al 2010, for further discussion of this topic). On the other hand, a featural bias resulting from a deficit in configural processing has been suggested in both autism (e.g., Hobson et al 1988;Langdell 1978) and in WS (e.g., Deruelle et al 1999;Karmiloff-Smith et al 2004).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, adults tend to rely more on a mid-band of spatial frequencies (generally between 8 and 24 cycles per face) to recognise faces quickly and accurately (see Ruiz-Soler and Beltran 2006, for a review). In the first study of the development of this mid-band bias, Leonard et al (2010) found that younger children were not reliant on the mid-band for face recognition, but tended to rely more on the HSFs than did older children and adults, who demonstrated a clear bias toward the mid-band. While previous studies (Deruelle et al 2004(Deruelle et al , 2008 have suggested that high-functioning children with autism between the ages of 4 and 16 are characterised by an HSF bias, no study has investigated whether spatial frequency biases for face recognition develop similarly in autism or WS, nor whether they eventually achieve the same mid-band bias found in typically-developing adults.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach promotes better understanding of the developmental processes involved in achieving specific behavioural outcomes ). Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS) were compared to typicallydeveloping controls on an identity matching task developed by Leonard et al (2010) for use with young children.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brief Report: Developing Spatial Frequency Biases for Face Recognition in Autism and Williams Syndrome

Leonard

Annaz

Karmiloff‐Smith

et al. 2010

J Autism Dev Disord

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The current study investigated whether contrasting face recognition abilities in autism and Williams syndrome could be explained by different spatial frequency biases over developmental time. Typically-developing children and groups with Williams syndrome and autism were asked to recognise faces in which low, middle and high spatial frequency bands were masked. All three groups demonstrated a gradual specialisation toward the mid-band. However, while the use of high spatial frequencies decreased in control and autism groups over development, the Williams syndrome group did not display a bias toward this band at any point. These data demonstrate that typical outcomes can be achieved through atypical developmental processes, and confirm the importance of cross-syndrome studies in the investigation of developmental disorders.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brief Report: Developing Spatial Frequency Biases for Face Recognition in Autism and Williams Syndrome

Leonard

Annaz

Karmiloff‐Smith

et al. 2010

J Autism Dev Disord

Self Cite

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Atypical Face Perception in Autism: A Point of View?

et al. 2015

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Face perception is the most commonly used visual metric of social perception in autism. However, when found to be atypical, the origin of face perception differences in autism is contentious. One hypothesis proposes that a locally oriented visual analysis, characteristic of individuals with autism, ultimately affects performance on face tasks where a global analysis is optimal. The objective of this study was to evaluate this hypothesis by assessing face identity discrimination with synthetic faces presented with and without changes in viewpoint, with the former condition minimizing access to local face attributes used for identity discrimination. Twenty-eight individuals with autism and 30 neurotypical participants performed a face identity discrimination task. Stimuli were synthetic faces extracted from traditional face photographs in both front and 20° side viewpoints, digitized from 37 points to provide a continuous measure of facial geometry. Face identity discrimination thresholds were obtained using a two-alternative, temporal forced choice match-to-sample paradigm. Analyses revealed an interaction between group and condition, with group differences found only for the viewpoint change condition, where performance in the autism group was decreased compared to that of neurotypical participants. The selective decrease in performance for the viewpoint change condition suggests that face identity discrimination in autism is more difficult when access to local cues is minimized, and/or when dependence on integrative analysis is increased. These results lend support to a perceptual contribution of atypical face perception in autism.

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The developmental trajectory of contrast sensitivity in autism spectrum disorder

et al. 2015

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a detail-driven visual processing strategy, evidence for which has been based largely on cross-sectional studies in small participant groups of limited age ranges. It is therefore unknown when sensitivity to detailed information emerges and develops in ASD. Contrast sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 cycles per degree (cpd)) was measured for 34 participants with ASD and 55 typically developing participants (aged 6-16 years). Cross-sectional, developmental trajectories were constructed to examine within and between group differences across the range of spatial frequencies tested. Developmental trajectories indicated that sensitivity across low (i.e., 0.5 and 1 cpd) and mid (2 and 4 cpd) spatial frequencies varied by chronological age within each group, with mid frequencies developing at a more significant rate than low frequencies. There was no overall difference between groups in terms of the relationship of sensitivity and age across spatial frequencies, yet the ASD group had an overall lower level of sensitivity. Closer examination revealed that the youngest participants with ASD had a reduced sensitivity for mid frequencies. Moreover, the ASD group showed a statistically significant developmental relationship at 8 cpd, which suggests that a trend for increased sensitivity to early detailed information may manifest beyond the ages tested. These findings demonstrate a differential development of contrast sensitivity for spatial frequencies in ASD and underscore the need to better identify what drives such differences in the "building blocks" of visual perception. Autism Res 2016, 9: 866-878. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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The development of spatial frequency biases in face recognition

Cited by 72 publications

References 57 publications

Brief Report: Developing Spatial Frequency Biases for Face Recognition in Autism and Williams Syndrome

Brief Report: Developing Spatial Frequency Biases for Face Recognition in Autism and Williams Syndrome

Atypical Face Perception in Autism: A Point of View?

The developmental trajectory of contrast sensitivity in autism spectrum disorder

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