The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers

Coutts, M. P.; Nielsen, Charlene C.; Nicoll, Bruce

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_1

Cited by 91 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Contrary to this, these two varied with change in direction as well in the present study (Populus euramericana I-214). Although Smith (2001) and Kalliokoski et al (2008) observed strong assumption of symmetrical dimension of root system, Puri et al (1994) and McIvor et al (2009) recorded highly asymmetric roots in poplar and other species owing to the effect of non-symmetrical mechanical stress and heterogeneous nutrient availability in soil (Coutts et al, 1999;Casper et al, 2003).…”

Section: Root Orientation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Structure and Belowground Biomass of Hybrid Poplar in Forestry and Agroforestry Systems in Mediterranean France

Jha

2017

Not Sci Biol

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In poplar, one of the most used species of forestry and agroforestry, below ground biomass allocation plays an important role in providing anchorage as well as efficient nutrient and water distribution channel. Available literature on this aspect is not enough in hybrid Poplar, Populus euramaricana I-214. Therefore, the study was aimed at finding how this species developed its root system and how much belowground biomass was allocated in Forest System (FRS) and Agroforest System (AFS). This was done using soil excavation and root coring methods. Coarse roots were distributed in all directions but their number and proximal cross section area (CSA) were not uniform. In the case of AFS tree maximum CSA was distributed in the south and south-west direction while in FRS it was in the north-east and south-east direction. Fine roots were observed throughout the rooting zone along with coarse and medium roots up to a maximum depth of 2.4 m in FRS and 2.8 m in AFS. Total belowground biomass was higher in AFS tree (130 kg tree -1 ) than FRS tree (120 kg tree -1 ). But on hectare basis FRS accumulated (24.5 Mg ha ). However, if practiced in surplus agriculture area and considered the system as a whole, AFS allows grain production in lieu of some biomass deficit.

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Section: Root Orientation and Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Structure and Belowground Biomass of Hybrid Poplar in Forestry and Agroforestry Systems in Mediterranean France

Jha

2017

Not Sci Biol

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“…and to decrease damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis Petersson et al, 2006;Pitkanen et al, 2005). Site preparation operations which provide even resources around trees for symmetrical development of tree roots may increase stand resistance to strong winds (Coutts et al, 1999), just as drainage and tilling can increase the effective rooting depth (Ni Dhubhain et al, 2001;Ray and Nicoll, 1998). In contrast prescribed burning may improve conditions for some root diseases such as Rhizina inflata (Savill et al, 1997) and R. undulata (Germishuizen, 1984), and ploughing may favour H. annosum (Redfern, 1984) and Armillaria ostoyae (Lung et al, 1997) via the dissemination of rhizomorphs.…”

Section: Site Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage

Jactel

Nicoll

Branco³

et al. 2009

Ann. For. Sci.

236

167

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Abstract• This article synthesizes and reviews the available information on the effects of forestry practices on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic hazards, as well as on stand susceptibility to these damaging agents, concentrating on mammal herbivores, pest insects, pathogenic fungi, wind and fire.• The management operations examined are site selection, site preparation, stand composition, regeneration method, cleaning and weed control, thinning and pruning, and harvesting. For each of these operations we have examined how they influence the occurrence of biotic and abiotic damaging agents, the susceptibility of European forests, and describe the ecological processes that may explain these influences.• Overall, we find that the silvicultural operations that have the largest influence on both biotic and abiotic risks to European forest stands are closely related to species composition and the structure of the overstorey. Four main processes that drive the causal relationships between stand management and susceptibility have been identified: effect on local microclimate, provision of fuel and resources to biotic and abiotic hazards, enhancement of biological control by natural enemies and changes in individual tree physiology and development.• The review demonstrates an opportunity to develop silvicultural methods that achieve forest management objectives at the same time as minimising biotic and abiotic risks. Mots-clés :sylviculture / peuplement / occurrence / sensibilité / Résumé -Influences de la sylviculture sur le risque de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques dans les peuplements forestiers.• Cette revue bibliographique s'intéresse aux effets de la sylviculture sur la sensibilité des peuplements forestiers aux principaux agents de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques que sont les mammifères herbivores, les insectes ravageurs, les champignons pathogènes, le feu et les vents forts. * Corresponding author: herve.jactel@pierroton.inra.frArticle published by EDP Sciences Ann. For. Sci. 66 (2009) 701 H. Jactel et al.• Les pratiques forestières analysées sont la sélection et la préparation des sites de reboisement, la définition de la composition en essences et le choix du matériel génétique, les méthodes de régé-nération et d'entretien, les modalités d'éclaircie et d'élagage, le mode de récolte finale. L'influence de chacune de ces opérations sur l'occurrence des agents de dégâts biotiques et abiotiques et sur la sensibilité des peuplements est examinée ainsi que les processus écologiques sous-jacents.• Les opérations sylvicoles qui se révèlent les plus déterminantes pour la sensibilité des forêts en Europe sont celles qui affectent la composition et la structure de la strate arborée. Quatre principaux processus écologiques semblent expliquer la relation entre sylviculture et sensibilité des peuplements : la modification du micro-climat, l'apport de ressources ou de combustible aux agents de dégâts, l'amélioration du contrôle biologique par les ennemis naturels et l'altération de la physiologie et du développement des arb...

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“…These four components are subject to modification under the influence of silvicultural practices. The management and spatial structure of the stand determine dimensional features and tree morphology [1,10,11,40,45,48], wind permeability [21,26,41,51] and mechanical properties of the wood influenced by exposition to wind [20,53,54]. Wind-firmness of individual trees also depends on external or internal defects due to insects or fungi [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

Cucchi

Bert

2003

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) stands in the Aquitaine region are of great economic importance but subject to Atlantic storms. In the Bordeaux region, two experimental sites located near each other, aged 20 and 51 years, made it possible to study the effects of different types of silviculture on wind-firmness during the 1999 storm. Stand density has a major influence on tree growth. When density increases, height increases and circumference decreases appreciably. In the dense stands, windthrown trees were less abundant and there were more leaning pines. With respect to other silvicultural factors in stands planted at typical densities: (i) genetic breeding did not increase damage intensity at the 20-year-old experimental site and phosphorus fertilisation decreased the windthrow at the 51-year-old experimental site; (ii) compared to the undamaged trees, the circumference of windthrown trees was 3.6 cm smaller, the relative crown length was 10% shorter and the stem taper coefficient was higher. This research has shown that wind-firmness is better in stands where the height, circumference and crown length are homogeneous. A more closed canopy seems to improve wind resistance by increasing the damping effect of swaying as a result of the crowns being in contact with each other and provides a more favourable ratio between the aerial parts and the roots.windthrow / silviculture / Pinus pinaster / stability / storm Résumé -Résistance au vent de peuplements de pin maritime dans le sud-ouest de la France. Influence de la densité, de la fertilisation et de l'amélioration génétique sur deux dispositifs endommagés lors de la tempête du 27 décembre 1999. Les peuplements de Pinus pinaster en Aquitaine sont économiquement très importants mais exposés aux tempêtes océaniques. Dans la région de Bordeaux, deux dispositifs de 20 et 51 ans peu éloignés ont permis d'étudier l'influence de la sylviculture sur la résistance au vent lors de la tempête de 1999. La densité est le facteur sylvicole le plus influent sur les caractéristiques des peuplements. Quand la densité augmente, la circonférence moyenne diminue notablement et la hauteur moyenne a tendance à augmenter. Les chablis étaient moins abondants et les pins penchés plus nombreux dans les peuplements denses. Pour les densités pratiquées en forêt de production : (i) l'amélioration génétique n'a pas augmenté l'intensité des dégâts dans l'essai de 20 ans, et la fertilisation au phosphore a réduit le taux de chablis sur l'essai de 51 ans ; (ii) par rapport aux pins intacts, les chablis ont une circonférence inférieure de 3,6 cm, une longueur relative de houppier plus courte de 10 % et un coefficient d'élancement du tronc plus fort. Ces caractéristiques peuvent traduire la diminution des capacités d'amortissement du balancement des arbres lors des bourrasques. Ces recherches ont montré que la résistance au vent est meilleure dans les peuplements homogènes en hauteur, circonférence ou longueur de houppier. Un couvert plus fermé semble améliorer la résistance au vent en augm...

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The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers

Cited by 91 publications

References 25 publications

Root Structure and Belowground Biomass of Hybrid Poplar in Forestry and Agroforestry Systems in Mediterranean France

Root Structure and Belowground Biomass of Hybrid Poplar in Forestry and Agroforestry Systems in Mediterranean France

The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage

Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster A�t. stands in Southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged during the 1999 storm

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