The Development of the Nuclei of the Oculomotor and Trochlear Nerves (Somatic Efferent Column)

Cooper, E.R.A.

doi:10.1093/brain/69.1.50

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…To us this point of view appears more consistent with the embryologie findings of Cooper [1946], who points out that the development of the ONC is not only marked by the natural increase of the area of the somatic offerent column, but also by gradual division of the nuclear mass.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Cytoarchitecture of the Oculomotor Nuclear Complex and of the Trochlear Nucleus in the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Reis¹,

Machado²

1981

Cells Tissues Organs

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The cytoarchitecture of the coulomotor nuclear complex (ONC) and of the trochlear nucleus (TN) was studied in the encephalon of 10 adult marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). All the encephala were fixed with Bouin, embedded in paraffin and submitted to 20-µm serial sections in the transversal, frontal and horizontal directions. The following staining methods were employed: Nissl, Kluver-Barrera, and Pal-Weigert, modified by Erhart [1951]. Morphologically we delimited four cell columns in the ONC of the marmoset, namely lateral, dorsal, anterior, and dorsal central. The lateral and dorsal central columns comparatively correspond, in man, to the somatic portion. The others to the visceral portion. The trochlear nucleus of the marmoset is compact, round in shape and can be divided in to central cellular, dorsoventral and ventrolateral groups. The neurons of both the nuclei, of the multipolar type, predominantly have a round shape but it is also possible to observe oval or triangular neurons. They have a central nucleus, the cramatine substance is not dense and is irregularly disposed. Some differences in the size of neurons can be observed among the columns of the ONC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Cytoarchitecture of the Oculomotor Nuclear Complex and of the Trochlear Nucleus in the Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Reis¹,

Machado²

1981

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…It needs to be appreciated that features were frequently found considerably later in previous publications than in the present study: for example, the trochlear decussation at 16 mm [Cooper, 1946], but it was found a week earlier (at stage 15) here; similarly, the dorsolateral and ventromedial divisions of the oculomotor nucleus at 35 mm, but more than a week earlier (at stage 21) here.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

“…Attention has been given to nuclei, e.g., the oculomotor [Pearson, 1944]. In another study the caudal central oculomotor nucleus was found at 19 mm, and accessory oculomotor (e.g., Edinger-Westphal) nuclei at 50 mm [Cooper, 1946]. Nevertheless, most studies of nuclei either provided later embryonic timing or were limited to the fetal period [e.g., Pearson, 1946 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Initial Appearance of the Cranial Nerves and Related Neuronal Migration in Staged Human Embryos

Müller¹,

OʼRahilly²

2010

Cells Tissues Organs

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The initial development of the cranial nerves was studied in 245 human embryos of stages 10–23 (4–8 postfertilizational weeks). Significant findings in the human embryo include the following. (1) Neuronal migration is a characteristic feature in the development of all the cranial nerves at stages 13–18, with the exception of the somatic efferent group. (2) The somatic efferent and the visceral efferent neurons are arranged respectively in ventrolateral and ventromedial columns (stages 13–17). (3) The ventrolateral column gives rise to somatic efferent nuclei; the neurons of the hypoglossal nerve develop rapidly and show a segmental organization as four roots that innervate three of the four occipital somites (stage 13); the abducent nucleus becomes displaced rostrally by a change in the rhombomeric pattern at stage 16. (4) The ventromedial column, originally continuous in rhombomeres 2–7, gives rise to visceral efferent and pharyngeal efferent nuclei. (5) All the ‘true’ cranial nerves (III–XII) are recognizable by stage 16. (6) In a primary migration the visceral efferent neurons proceed mediolaterally and accumulate dorsolaterally as nuclei (stages 13, 14); they differentiate into salivatory nuclei (stages 16, 17). (7) A secondary migration involves the pharyngeal efferent neurons (of nerves V and IX–XI), which also proceed mediolaterally and then form ventrolateral nuclei (stages 17, 18). (8) The facial complex shows a distinctive development in that its neural crest arises from the lateral wall of the neural folds/tube. Moreover, the migration of its pharyngeal efferent neurons is delayed, which may be related to the formation of the internal genu, and the motor nucleus begins to appear only at stage 23. (9) The sequence of appearance of afferent constituents is: cranial ganglia (stage 12), mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (stage 15), vestibular nuclei (stages 18–22), and cochlear nuclei (stage 19). The unsatisfactory term special is avoided and the term pharyngeal for air-breathing vertebrates replaces branchial. The six functional categories used here are vestibulocochlear, somatic afferent, visceral afferent, visceral efferent, pharyngeal efferent, and somatic efferent, together with appropriate abbreviations. The cardiac and hypoglossal neural crests are included, and it is emphasized that all the ectodermal placodes develop within the ‘ectodermal ring’.

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“…According to Pearson (1944) and Cooper (1946), both the dorsolateral and the medioventral nucleus become evident only in the fetal period. The fibres of the lateral lemniscus on their way to the isthmic nucleus have been reconstructed (O'Rahilly etal.…”

Section: Mesencephalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human brain at stages 18?20, including the choroid plexuses and the amygdaloid and septal nuclei

Müller

OʼRahilly

1990

Anat Embryol

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The development of the human brain during the seventh embryonic week was studied in serial sections of 88 embryos, and graphic reconstructions were prepared. From stages 18 to 20 the cerebral hemispheres expand rapidly and become more and more distinct entities. The longitudinal fissure between them occupies approximately half of their rostrocaudal extent. In stage 20 they have progressed so far in organization that functional aspects (based on synapses in the primordial plexiform layer) are of importance. An advanced differentiation is also present in the amygdaloid body, which has at least four individual nuclei, and in the forebrain septum, which shows the nucleus of the diagonal band and the medial septal nucleus. This has a bearing on recent experimental studies that document the fundamental role of the septal nuclei with regard to behavioural and cognitive functions. Fibre connections between septal nuclei and hippocampus have appeared. A definitive internal capsule, however, is not yet present. The main connections with diencephalon and other parts of the brain are chiefly by fibres to or from the amygdaloid body by way of the lateral forebrain bundle. The olfactory areas are connected with the habenular nuclei by a well developed stria medullaris thalami. Globus pallidus externus, entopeduncular nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus are prominent features in the subthalamus. The main nucleus of the oculomotor nerve shows a dorsolateral and a ventromedial portion. The rhombic lip is mitotically active in all parts of the rhombencephalon, and seems to participate significantly in the formation of the intermediate layer of the cerebellum and of the cochlear nuclei. The sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve has appeared. In the cerebellum the cell layer thought to contain the future Purkinje cells develops. The cerebellar plate is organized into external and internal bulges, and is now connected with mid- and hindbrain through fibre bundles. The area thought to be the dentate nucleus and the supposed floccular region are especially rich in fibres. The accessory olivary nucleus appears in stage 19, and accessory nuclei of the abducent and hypoglossal nerves are evident in stage 20. The choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles have appeared. In view of their advanced features, the study of embryos of stages 19-21 becomes increasingly relevant to questions of tissue transplantation.

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The Development of the Nuclei of the Oculomotor and Trochlear Nerves (Somatic Efferent Column)

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Cytoarchitecture of the Oculomotor Nuclear Complex and of the Trochlear Nucleus in the Marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchu</i><i>s</i>)

Cytoarchitecture of the Oculomotor Nuclear Complex and of the Trochlear Nucleus in the Marmoset (<i>Callithrix jacchu</i><i>s</i>)

The Initial Appearance of the Cranial Nerves and Related Neuronal Migration in Staged Human Embryos

The human brain at stages 18?20, including the choroid plexuses and the amygdaloid and septal nuclei

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