“…An adverse early childhood environment may have long lasting effects on individual lives, and is related to many social outcomes, such as low education, crime, teenage pregnancy, unemployment and income inequality (Conti & Heckman, 2013;Duncan, Magnuson, Kalil, & Ziol-Guest, 2012;Heckman, 2008). The importance of family and environment for the formation of cognitive abilities, including IQ, and for subsequent educational and economic outcomes, is particularly evident in the cases of adverse childhood experiences or trauma (Tomer, 2014) as is paradigmatically demonstrated by children growing up in orphanages (van IJzendoorn, Luijk, & Juffer, 2008).…”