The diameter of the common femoral artery in healthy human: Influence of sex, age, and body size

Sandgren, Thomas; Sonesson, Björn; Ahlgren, Åsa Rydén; Länne, Toste

doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(99)70279-x

Cited by 218 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…11). The observed diameter of 0.4-0.5 mms conforms to average 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 values of intact femoral arteries vessels in the living (Sandgren et al, 1999). Therefore, it seems plausible to identify them as calcifications of the femoral artery.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Calcified structures associated with human skeletal remains: Possible atherosclerosis affecting the population buried at Amara West, Sudan (1300–800BC)

Binder

Roberts

2014

International Journal of Paleopathology

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The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Abstract: Today, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the thickening of the artery wall due to accumulating lipids, is one of the major causes. Generally assumed to be a disease of modern life-style related factors (smoking, obesity, hypertension), its history and epidemiology in the past are virtually unknown. Research on mummies from various geographic locations, time periods and socioeconomic backgrounds has revealed conclusive, albeit scant, evidence that atherosclerosis also affected past human populations. Little is known about the morphology of calcified atherosclerotic plaques that may be associated with human skeletal remains. Therefore, direct evidence of atherosclerosis from skeletal remains is largely absent. This paper presents five possible examples of calcified blood vessels which may represent atherosclerosis recovered from burials at Amara West, Sudan (1300-800BC) and reviews other potential causes of arterial calcification. Calcifications were recovered from the chest area of three middle-adult individuals as well as from the abdominal area and alongside the femur of two more. Based on morphology, anatomical location, scanning electron microscopy and radiography, they are probably calcified arterial plaques. These findings are unique in the bioarchaeological record and indicate that people have experienced atherosclerosis for at least 3000 years. Graphical Abstract (for review)Highlights:x Calcifications were recovered with skeletons from Amara West, Sudan (1300-800BC).x The structures can possibly be identified as calcified blood vessels.x The structures may result from calcification of atherosclerotic plaques.x The calcifications could be evidence of atherosclerosis in skeletal human remains.Highlights (for review) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Atherosclerosis, the thickening of the artery wall due to accumulating lipids, is one of the major causes. Generally assumed to be a disease of modern life-style related factors (smoking, obesity, hypertension), its history and epidemiology in the past are virtually unknown.Research on mummies from various geographic locations, time periods and socioeconomic backgrounds has revealed conclusive, albeit scant, evidence that atherosclerosis also affected past hu...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Calcified structures associated with human skeletal remains: Possible atherosclerosis affecting the population buried at Amara West, Sudan (1300–800BC)

Binder

Roberts

2014

International Journal of Paleopathology

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“…43 Safe arterial access may be more challenging in women: studies have shown that women have smaller and shorter CFA compared with men 44 (Figure 7). Measures of height and weight correlate with CFA size.…”

Section: Sex Anatomy and Bmimentioning

confidence: 99%

Women, Bleeding, and Coronary Intervention

2013

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“…This age-dependent increase in aortic diameter is accompanied by a compensatory increase in wall thickness to minimize the increase in circumferential wall stress, but the compensatory response is greater in women than in men. 42 Other arteries, including the common femoral artery, are smaller in women, 43 which may affect suitability for endovascular repair in the presence of an AAA (see below). At any age, healthy men also have stiffer aortas than women, but this may not be independent of the lower aortic diameters in women.…”

Section: Biological and Anatomic Factors Influencing Aaa Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…71,72 In a study of 704 cases (98 women) from the Cleveland Clinic, graft limb occlusions were significantly more common in women (11% versus 3.3%; Pϭ0.022). 73 The problems relate not only to smaller access vessels 43 but also to shorter, wider, and more angulated aneurysm necks and possibly a greater likelihood of suprarenal involvement. 46,47,74 Nevertheless, the case fatality, endoleak, and late reintervention rates are similar for men and women.…”

Section: Gender and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

2007

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M ost manifestations of cardiovascular disease are more common in men than in women. However, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. 1 Coronary heart disease in women has a worse outcome than in men, and this has attracted considerable attention in recent years, with calls for more gender-specific research. 1,2 Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) also are less common in women than in men, and, as with coronary heart disease, there is evidence that women with AAA also have a worse prognosis. The present review addresses the epidemiology, development, natural history, management, and outcomes of AAA in women. Prevalence and IncidenceWhen the definition of a maximum external diameter Ն3 cm is used, the prevalence of AAA is up to 6 times greater in men than in women. 3,4 In a community-based screening study of the older population, the prevalence of AAA was 1.3% in women compared with 7.6% in men. 4 Similarly, the ratio of men to women in surgical series is Ϸ5:1. 5-7 Because of the relatively low prevalence, women were excluded from the large trials of screening for AAA. 8 -10 The prevalence in women from families with a strong history of AAA may be as high as 8.3%, and these women should be offered screening. 11 Modeling studies have indicated that screening for AAA in women could be cost-effective because the rupture rate appears to be much higher in women than in men. 12 The incidence of AAA has continued to rise over the last 4 decades. [13][14][15][16] Initially, a similar pattern was seen in both genders, although the increase in mortality and admission rate has been become more marked in women. 15,16 Inspection of data derived from national (England and Wales) statistics shows that the annual number of hospital admissions for aneurysm rupture between 1997 and 2005 has declined by 2% to 3% per annum in men. 17 In women, although the total number of admissions for ruptured AAA is Ϸ40% of male admissions, there has been an increase of Ϸ0.5% per annum since 2005. The reasons for this are unknown. Population screening for AAA in men is not yet widespread in England and Wales and is unlikely to have made a major contribution to these trends. However, AAA appears to be a late event after smoking exposure, and these trends may reflect temporal changes in smoking prevalence. The rise of smoking in women occurred over the period 1950 to 1970, several decades after the widespread uptake of smoking by men. Since then, rates of cessation have been greater in men than in women. 18 The presence of an AAA is associated with aneurysms of the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries, but, compared with AAA, all of these have a higher incidence ratio in men versus women. 19 However, some aneurysms are found predominantly or equally in women, with splenic 20 and cerebral artery 21 aneurysms being respective examples. Natural History: Expansion and RuptureThere is no good evidence to suggest that aneurysm growth rate is different in men and women. 22 Although a single small study suggested that ...

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The diameter of the common femoral artery in healthy human: Influence of sex, age, and body size

Cited by 218 publications

References 17 publications

Calcified structures associated with human skeletal remains: Possible atherosclerosis affecting the population buried at Amara West, Sudan (1300–800BC)

Calcified structures associated with human skeletal remains: Possible atherosclerosis affecting the population buried at Amara West, Sudan (1300–800BC)

Women, Bleeding, and Coronary Intervention

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

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