The Dietary Trend in the World particularly in China and India

Abstract

Objective: Evaluate the trend of dietary convergence in the world. How specifically do Indian and Chinese diets have changed and middle-class consumption and evaluate their dietary trend? Methodology: The paper analyses the diet patter of India and China from 1990 to 2019. The paper is particularly keen to analyse the impact of income, urbanization and proportion of the young population on diet pattern. The data of food balance for these two countries is taken from FAOSTAT. To measure the income effect, the GNP per capita data is taken from World Bank. The population and urbanization data is taken from UN world population prospects 2019 and UN world urbanization prospects 2018. The linear regression model is used to analyse the impact of socio-economic factors. Results: The analysis has found that rise in income is positively associated with the macronutrients diet for Indians particularly for carbohydrates consumption whereas for Chinese the reverse is true. The study found that urbanization of the population is highly positively associated with the consumption of carbohydrates diet for Chinese whereas, for India, urbanization is negatively associated with fat consumption. The change in young age population negatively impacts the fat consumption for China while positively impact the consumption of carbohydrates for Indians.Conclusion: The gap between dietary pattern is found to be reduced globally. Consumption of many food groups shows convergence for a different region. The consumption of macronutrients between India and China from 1990 to 2019 shows the converging trend in the early 1990s but after that, it shows divergence. In both countries, socio-economic factors push more toward carbohydrates diets.

Nutrition Transition and Chronic Diseases in India (1990–2019): An Ecological Study Based on Animal and Processed Food Caloric Intake and Adequacy according to Nutrient Needs

“…This increase in India is mainly due to greater consumption of dairy products (+5% calorie share) and animal-based IPFs (+3.6%) but not meats. The increase from 235 to 368 animal kcal/day between 1990 and 2010 (+57%) was different from that previously reported, i.e., from approximately 150 to 220 between 1990 and 2010 (+47%) [49]. The difference between the two sources was mainly due to the data supplied by OECD.Stats used in this study [35], which reported a higher consumption of milk and added the consumption of fresh dairy products (mainly yogurts and other fermented milks) that was not mentioned in national Indian surveys.…”

“…Concerning calorie consumption by food group, our results in 2011-2012 are overall in good agreement with those reported by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India in 2011-2012 [60], with 51.6 and 52.5% of calories obtained from cereals, 8.7 and 10.5% of calories obtained from IPFs, 0.8 and 1.0% of calories obtained from nuts and seeds, 3.1 and 4.0% of calories obtained from vegetables, and ≤ 1% of calories obtained from fish/seafood, eggs and meats. The decreases in cereal calorie intake (−13%) and the increase in fruit (+105%), vegetable (+47%) and milk (+91%) calorie intakes from 1990-2016 in our study were also previously observed (i.e., −9%, +112%, +86% and +70%, respectively), with no significant evolution in meat calorie intake in either analysis [49]. Finally, the increase in sugar consumption from 146 to 213 kcal/day between 1990 and 2018 agrees with that previously reported between 1990 and 2018 of 180 to 230 kcal/day, which also included other sweeteners [49].…”

“…The decreases in cereal calorie intake (−13%) and the increase in fruit (+105%), vegetable (+47%) and milk (+91%) calorie intakes from 1990-2016 in our study were also previously observed (i.e., −9%, +112%, +86% and +70%, respectively), with no significant evolution in meat calorie intake in either analysis [49]. Finally, the increase in sugar consumption from 146 to 213 kcal/day between 1990 and 2018 agrees with that previously reported between 1990 and 2018 of 180 to 230 kcal/day, which also included other sweeteners [49].…”

“…Therefore, first, it is essential to compare and discuss our data about calorie intake with those already published by sources other than web databases, e.g., Indian national food surveys: Despite some differences in absolute consumed calorie values (kcal/day/capita), the relative increase in total calorie intake, with a slight decrease between 2001 and 2005, is quite overall in agreement with previous data. Notably, declining calorie consumption was noted in India between 1983 and 2005, whereas real expenditures and incomes increased [46][47][48][49][50][51]. This has been called the "calorie consumption puzzle" [47,48,50].…”

“…In addition, it has been recently shown that urban households spend more on IPFs and consume more food away from home than rural households [66]. Therefore, the growing rate of urbanization in India might lead to still higher intakes of IPFs-and consequently UPFs-in the near future, with approximately 34% of Indian people living in urban areas in 2019 [49,67].…”