The Differences in the Flavan-3-ol and Procyanidin Contents of the Japanese ‘Fuji’ and ‘Orin’ Apples Using a Rapid Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method: Estimation of the Japanese Intake of Flavan-3-ols and Procyanidins from Apple as Case Study

Abstract

Previously, we reported that apple polyphenols and their major active compounds, the flavan-3-ols and the procyanidins, can result in various health benefits in animals and humans, according to clinical studies. Here, we developed a rapid method for quantifying flavan-3-ols and procyanidins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, where we investigated the amounts of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in the Japanese major apple production centre, the Aomori Prefecture, from 2016 to 2018. The non-bagged ‘Fuji (n = 609)’, the bagged ‘Fuji (n = 1101)’, and the ‘Orin (n = 504)’ apples were evaluated in terms of their differences in flavan-3-ols and procyanidins based on apple variety and the controlled atmosphere storage. The bagging treatments of the ‘Fuji’ apples resulted in significantly higher concentrations of procyanidins, while changes in flavan-3-ols concentrations were not clearly observed by treatment. In addition, ‘Orin’ had a significantly higher concentration of procyanidins than that of ‘Fuji’. In contrast, the controlled atmosphere storage hardly caused any changes in the flavan-3-ol and procyanidin contents. Hence, we present the concentrations of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins in major Japanese apples using the rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection.

Evaluation of Polyphenolic Content and Potential Antioxidant Activity of Japanese Cultivars of Peaches, Prunes, and Plums Based on Reversed- and Normal-Phase HPLC and Principal Component Analyses

“…Lyophilized samples were ground in a mechanical Labo Milser crusher (LM-Plus IFM-800, Osaka Chemical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), and the resulting fine powders were stored in sample tubes with Ageless Z-100 PKC Extraction of Polyphenols from Lyophilized Fruit Samples. Polyphenols were extracted from lyophilized fruit samples as previously described by Shoji et al 12 Briefly, prior to extraction, the powder was left at 25 °C. Approximately 0.5 ± 0.02 g of the powdered sample was placed into a 15 mL disposable centrifuge tube, and 8 mL of mixed methanol−water−0.1 M HCl (6:3:1, v/v/v) was added for extraction of polyphenols.…”

“…Polyphenols were extracted from lyophilized fruit samples as previously described by Shoji et al Briefly, prior to extraction, the powder was left at 25 °C. Approximately 0.5 ± 0.02 g of the powdered sample was placed into a 15 mL disposable centrifuge tube, and 8 mL of mixed methanol–water–0.1 M HCl (6:3:1, v/v/v) was added for extraction of polyphenols.…”

Hormetic response to B-type procyanidin ingestion involves stress-related neuromodulation via the gut-brain axis: Preclinical and clinical observations

“…The most common monomeric unit is (–)-epicatechin, and the C4–C8 bond ( Figure 1A ) is the most prominent. B-type procyanidins containing 2–7 monomeric units are defined as oligoprocyanidins which are abundant in cocoa ( 4 – 6 ), apples ( 7 , 8 ), grape seeds ( 9 , 10 ), and red wine ( 11 – 13 ).…”

Repeated Oral Administration of Flavan-3-ols Induces Browning in Mice Adipose Tissues through Sympathetic Nerve Activation

“…Flavan-3-ol (FL)s, a fraction of B-type oligomer procyanidins (Figure 1b) slightly containing catechins (Figure 1c), are enriched in cocoa [1,2], apple [3,4], grape seeds [5,6], and red wine [7,8]. The ingestion of FL-rich foods could have a significant potential for managing cardiovascular health [9][10][11][12].…”