The direct correlation between oxidative stress and LDL-C levels in adults is maintained by the Friedewald and Martin equations, but the methylation levels in the MTHFR and ADRB3 genes differ

Abstract

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) concentrations are a standard of care in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and are influenced by different factors. This study compared the LDL-C concentrations estimated by two different equations and determined their associations with inflammatory status, oxidative stress, anthropometric variables, food intake and DNA methylation levels in the LPL, ADRB3 and MTHFR genes. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 236 adults (median age 37.5 years) of both sexes from the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. The LDL-C concentrations were estimated according to the Friedewald and Martin equations. LPL, ADRB3 and MTHFR gene methylation levels; malondialdehyde levels; total antioxidant capacity; ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, homocysteine, cobalamin, and folic acid levels; usual dietary intake; and epidemiological variables were also determined. For each unit increase in malondialdehyde concentration there was an increase in the LDL-C concentration from 6.25 to 10.29 mg/dL (p <0.000). Based on the Martin equation (≥70 mg/dL), there was a decrease in the DNA methylation levels in the ADRB3 gene and an increase in the DNA methylation levels in the MTHFR gene (p <0.05). There was a positive relation of homocysteine and cholesterol intake on LDL-C concentrations estimated according to the Friedewald equation and of waist circumference and age based on the two estimates. It is concluded the LDL-C concentrations estimated by the Friedewald and Martin equations were different, and the Friedewald equation values were significantly lower than those obtained by the Martin equation. MDA was the variable that was most positively associated with the estimated LDL-C levels in all multivariate models. Significant relationships were observed based on the two estimates and occurred for most variables. The methylation levels of the ADRB3 and MTHFR genes were different according to the Martin equation at low LDL-C concentrations (70 mg/dL).

Update on Findings about Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Insight into Its Pathogenesis

“…Thus, PLR levels and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were correlated with the prognosis of SSNHL, indicating that the mechanism underlying SSNHL is associated with thrombosis and can lead to vascular obstruction probably in the cochlea. In addition, LDL-C correlates with oxidative stress, while HDL-C has antioxidant effects [ 32 , 33 ]. Thus, the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is also associated with inflammation, supporting the above-mentioned hypothesis that inflammation is a possible mechanism underlying SSNHL.…”

How should low-density lipoprotein cholesterol be calculated in 2022?

“…[78,79]. Methylation levels of the ADRB3 and MTHFR genes may differ depending on the equations used [80].…”

Association Between Methylation Levels of LPL, ADRB3 and MTHFR Genes in Leukocytes from Individuals with Isolated or Associated Morbidities and Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…The sample was calculated based on previous similar studies [27,28] along with a single sampling procedure, consisting of several levels according to the data available from the City Council, such as the city map, number of blocks per neighborhood, and data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, IBGE) [29].…”

“…The methylation levels in the promoter of the ADRB3, MTHFR and LPL genes were evaluated using the HRM (High Resolution Melting) technique with the aid of the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast System Real Time Thermocycler. For that, the DNA previously extracted according to Oliveira et al [27] was quantified by fluorescence (QubitTM), had its purity checked by a Nanodrop ® spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, California, USA) and kept at -20°C until the analysis. Afterwards, the samples were submitted to DNA conversion by bisulfite from the Cells-to-CpG ™ conversion kit (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies, California), according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”