The discovery of mixotrophy in photosynthetic species of Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): light and electron microscopical observations of food vacuoles in Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica and two heterotrophic dinophysoid dinoflagellates

Jacobson, Dean M.; Andersen, Robert A.

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-33-2-97.1

Cited by 130 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Field populations of Dinophysis spp. are recognized as being mixotrophic (Jacobson and Andersen 1994), and have been widely suspected of kleptoplasty (Hackett et al 2003;Janson 2004;Minnhagen and Janson 2006 infundibulus were established and shown to sequester their plastids from the phototropic ciliate Myrionecta rubra, which in turn requires free-living cryptophyte prey for its own survival Nagai et al 2008;Nishitani et al 2008;Park et al 2008). Studies thus far have shown that Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: Organelle-retaining Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most algal endosymbiotic interactions, while organelle retention is a form of predation, characterized by nutrient flow (i.e. growth) in one direction. AcPh involves adaptations to recognize specific prey or endosymbionts and to house organelles or endosymbionts within the endomembrane system but free from digestion. In many cases, hosts depend upon AcPh for the production of essential nutrients, many of which remain obscure. The practice of AcPh has led to multiple independent secondary and tertiary plastid acquisition events among several eukaryote lineages, giving rise to the diverse array of algae found in modern aquatic ecosystems.This review highlights those AcPhs that are model research organisms for both metazoans and protists.Much of the basic biology of AcPhs remains enigmatic, particularly 1) which essential nutrients or factors make certain forms of AcPh obligatory, 2) how hosts regulate and manipulate endosymbionts or sequestered organelles, and 3) what genomic imprint, if any, AcPh leaves on non-photosynthetic host species.2

show abstract

Section: Organelle-retaining Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The cytostome was not studied in detail but appeared to be similar to that reported in Dinophysis spp. (Jacobson & Andersen 1994). …”

Section: Temmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…suggests that Ornithocercus spp. also uses a peduncle in food uptake (Hansen 1991, Jacobson & Andersen 1994. Also, Taylor (cited by Lucas 1991) observed a veil-like structure extruded from the flagellar pore of Ornithocercus sp.…”

Section: Ectosymbiontsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes

Tarangkoon¹,

Hansen

Hansen³

2010

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates was investigated during a cruise from Cape Town, South Africa to Broome, Australia. Endo-and ectosymbionts were only found in the order Dinophysiales. The genera Ornithocercus, Histioneis, Parahistioneis and Citharistes had cyanobacteria as ectosymbionts, while the genera Amphisolenia and Triposolenia contained both intact cyanobacterial and eukaryotic endosymbionts. The symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates were mainly found in the upper 100 m of the water column. Their distribution was restricted to water temperatures exceeding 16.5°C, and the highest species diversity and cell concentrations were found at temperatures around 20 to 30°C. The symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates were always associated with water masses with low nutrient (N-limited) and chl a concentrations. Special attention was given to the ectosymbiont-bearing dinoflagellates. Under light microscopy, some of the food vacuoles of Ornithocercus spp. resembled ectosymbionts in size, shape and colour. Transmission electron microscopy of O. magnificus and O. quadratus revealed the presence of a peduncle and many rhabdosomes; both may serve in prey capture. Also, numerous food vacuoles were present, but their content was generally too degraded for a proper identification of prey type. However, occasionally remnants of eukaryotes were observed, indicating that Ornithocercus spp. may feed on ciliates. Thus, our data suggest that the ectosymbiont-bearing dinoflagellates use a multi-resource strategy (photosynthesis and phagotrophy) to cope with a low-nutrient environment.

show abstract

“…At present, 11 species of Dinophysis are known to be toxic (Lee et al 1989, Maestrini 1998, Moestrup et al 2009). Despite extensive studies over the last two decades, little is known about the ecophysiology, toxicology and bloom mechanisms of Dinophysis species, due primarily to the inability to culture them (Sampayo 1993, Jacobson & Andersen 1994, Maestrini 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful cultivation of the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis tripos (Dinophyceae)

Nagai¹,

Suzuki²,

Kamiyama

2013

Plankton Benthos Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:Since Park et al. (2006) succeeded in cultivating the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis acuminata and maintaining them by feeding them the ciliate Myrionecta rubra grown with a cryptophyte Teleaulax sp., the present study is the fifth report of propagation of a Dinophysis species (Dinophysis tripos) under laboratory conditions and describes the maintenance of clonal strains kept at relatively high abundance (>2,000 cells mL 1 ) for a relatively long period (>6 months) when fed on M. rubra with the addition of Teleaulax amphioxeia. Dinophysis tripos grew at a growth rate of 0.54 divisions day 1 , reaching a maximum concentration of ca. 2,200 cells mL 1 during the first 14-day growth experiment. At the end of the incubations, the total amounts of pectenotoxin-2 and dinophysistoxin-1 in the D. tripos culture reached up to 2,780 216 (mean SD) and 1.8 3.2 ng mL 1 , respectively, therefore, we confirmed active toxin production. However okadaic acid (OA) was not detected from this culture before or after the incubation. These data clearly indicate that D. tripos needs to feed on their ciliate prey to actively produce the toxins.

show abstract

The discovery of mixotrophy in photosynthetic species of Dinophysis (Dinophyceae): light and electron microscopical observations of food vacuoles in Dinophysis acuminata, D. norvegica and two heterotrophic dinophysoid dinoflagellates

Cited by 130 publications

References 6 publications

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes

Successful cultivation of the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis tripos (Dinophyceae)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About