The Displacement Process in Recreation

Abstract

This paper presents the recreation displacement pro cess from a social-psychological perspective and models it within the attitudebehaoior framework. The displacement process is illustrated with empirical results from a study of use within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder ness. Findings show that factors o f displacement include litter, noise, overuse, and visual encounters with others. In most cases, recreation resource adminis trators should be able to managerially control displacing factors.

Coping with Stress in Outdoor Recreational Settings: An Application of Transactional Stress Theory

“…The recreation literature suggests that, when confronted with undesirable conditions, recreationists are likely to either change their behavior, attempt to change their environment, or change the way they evaluate the situation (Anderson & Brown, 1984;Becker, Nieman, & Gates, 1980;Hammitt & Patterson, 1991;Kuentzel & Heberlein, 1992;Schneider & Hammitt, 1995a;Shelby & Vaske, 1991;Ziemann & Haas, 1989). Behavioral changes have been understood primarily in terms of substitution.…”

Visitor response to outdoor recreation conflict: A conceptual approach

“…As mentioned earlier, coping response to recreation crowding has been explored and categorized under the domains of product shift, rationalization and displacement (Anderson & Brown, 1984;Becker, 1981;Kuentzel & Heberlein, 1992;Shelby et al, 1988). The "ways of coping" checklist suggested by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) offers an alternative to past approaches in that it identifies 68 coping responses and provides a more flexible and complex assessment of coping responses.…”

“…Empirical support for the displacement process in recreation is found in a variety of studies, usually focused on boaters. Experienced boaters alter their itinerary or travel patterns to avoid crowded areas (Anderson & Brown, 1984;Nielson & Endo, 1977;Robertson & Regula, 1994;Shelby et al, 1988;Vaske et al, 1980).…”

Substitutability in Recreational Fishing

“…), anglers may respond by altering their behavior. Behavioral changes in response to changes in the management environment are collectively referred to as displacement (Anderson & Brown, 1984;Schreyer, 1979). In this article the authors use a broader concept of displacement that includes changes in activities as a result of an inability to negotiate the constraints involved with the primary activity.…”