This paper describes the evolution of the concept of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)-a largely resource-based approach to providing recreational diversity. It explains the needs of the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management for a recreation resource planning system and relates those needs to the development of the ROS system to guide recreation planning of large areas. The basic concepts and tenets of the ROS system are explained and needed research is outlined.

A B S T R A C T :This study examines assumptions o f the concepts which form the basis fo r experience based setting management o f outdoor recreation areas. To test the assumptions a sample o f wilderness users was surveyed and divided into experience groups based on differences in the specific experiences they desire. These experience groups were then tested fo r differences in their activity and setting preferences. The study was conducted at the Bridget Wilderness, the Fitzpatrick Wilderness, and the Popo Agie Primitive Area in Wyoming during 1978-79. Data were collected by questionnaire, and responses were examined by object cluster analysis to group users on the basis o f the types o f experiences important to them. Results offer supportfor the con cepts tested; three groups with different preferences fo r experiences were iden tified and were fo u n d to differ on the activities, setting, and management ac tions they prefer. Directions forfuture research are given and recommendations concerning the usefulness o f experience based information to recreation plan ning are discussed.K E Y W O R D S : Experience-based recreation setting management, recreation management, experience preferences, management preferences, wilderness recreation.

This paper presents the recreation displacement pro cess from a social-psychological perspective and models it within the attitudebehaoior framework. The displacement process is illustrated with empirical results from a study of use within the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder ness. Findings show that factors o f displacement include litter, noise, overuse, and visual encounters with others. In most cases, recreation resource adminis trators should be able to managerially control displacing factors.

Using data from Washington State deer hunters, this paper reports on a cluster analytic study of the attributes of the deer hunting experience. The data were collected by mail ques tionnaire from 3,924 deer hunters by Potter, Hendee, and Clark (1973). Scaled data were subjected to a variable cluster analysis, and then variable clusters were used in an object cluster analysis of hunters. Several dimensions of the deer hunting experience which add to or detract from satisfaction, and groups of hunters reacting differently to these dimensions, are identified. Nature, harvest, equipment, out-group contact, and skill are identified as important attributes of the hunt, for all deer hunters. Ten groups of Washington State deer hunters, each with a different pattern of response across the dimensions, are identified and discussed. As sociation of additional hunt and user characteristics with the hunter groups is shown. Uses of these and similar data in game and recreation management are discussed.

This research focused on defining wilderness recreation experiences in terms o f the psychological outcomes sought by the recreational users o f the Rawah Wilderness in Colorado. Information on the outcomes was used to type users so that groups seeking different experiences could be identified. From a sample o f 264 people, there were five types o f wilderness recreation experiences identified. Use o f information on the psychological outcomes sought b y recreationists and on the types o f recreationists pursuing specific activity and experience opportunities is discussed. Such information would aid in the devleopment o f more specific, quantifiable, and evaluative management objectives; could provide a basis fo r developing recreation inventories, selecting management tools and techniques, and in developing visitor information packages; and might aid in the differential economic valuation o f wilderness recreation activity and ex perience opportunities.