The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping.

Macrae, C. Neil; Bodenhausen, Galen V.; Milne, A.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.397

Cited by 364 publications

(367 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Our affective reaction toward this stimulus could reflect our positive attitude toward the person we are seeing, the negative attitude toward the facial expression that the person is displaying, or both. The present results suggest that affective reactions will be mainly guided by the attitude toward the feature that is most salient or relevant to us within the context where we encounter the attitude object (see also Macrae, Bodenhausen, & Milne, 1995). The data showed that the name of a British person automatically induced a tendency to give a response that was associated with positive valence, regardless of whether the person was a popular comedian or a convicted mass murderer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test

Houwer

2001

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

284

265

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The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is based on the observation that participants find it easier to respond in the same way to exemplars of two concepts when these concepts are similar (e.g., "positive" and "flower") compared to when the concepts are dissimilar (e.g., "positive" and "insect"). In the first part of this article, I argue that the IAT is structurally similar to stimulus-response compatibility tasks. On the basis of this analogy, I then present two response conflict accounts of IAT effects. The data of an experiment that was designed to test these accounts showed that IAT effects reflect attitudes toward the target concepts rather than attitudes toward the individual exemplars of those concepts. The results shed light on the processes that underlie IAT effects, suggest that automatic attitude activation may depend on the construal of the object that is fostered by the context, and clarify the relation between different indirect measures of attitudes. © 2001 Academic Press Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz (1998) recently introduced the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The simple but ingenious idea behind the IAT is that it should be easier to map two concepts onto a single response when those concepts are somehow similar or associated in memory than when the concepts are unrelated or dissimilar. To test this idea, Greenwald et al. (1998, Experiment 1) presented names of flowers (e.g., TULIP), names of insects (e.g., SPIDER), positive words (e.g, LOVE), and negative words (e.g., UGLY) on a computer screen. Participants were asked to categorize these words by pressing one of two keys. It can be assumed on a priori grounds that the concept "flower" and the concept "positive" are associated in memory, whereas the concept "insect" is associated with the concept "negative." Therefore, when "flower" and "positive" are both assigned to one key and "insect" and "negative" are both assigned to a second key, responses should be fast because the response assignments are compatible with existing associations in memory. When response assignments are incompatible with existing associations (e.g., press left for "insect" and "positive"; press right for "flower" and "negative"), responses should be slower. The results clearly confirmed that reaction times were faster with compatible than with incompatible response assignments. A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE IATIn this section, I argue that the IAT is structurally similar to stimulus-response compatibility tasks. It has long been know that responses can be emitted more quickly and accurately if the responses are somehow similar to the stimuli to which these responses need to be made than when the responses and stimuli are dissimilar (e.g., Fitts & Seeger, 1953;Kornblum & Lee, 1995). For instance, if participants are asked to press a left key in response to a stimulus presented on the left side of a screen and to press a right key in response to a stimulus presented on the right side of the screen, responses are faster and more accurate than when the response assignmen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test

Houwer

2001

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

284

265

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“…Conditional automaticity effects occur when an automatic process is triggered only in the presence of certain conditions, such as the presence of a specific goal (Bargh 1989;Blair 2002). For example, although exposure to members of minority groups frequently triggers automatic stereotypes of those groups, this automatic stereotype activation depends upon the presence of perceivers' goals, contextual factors, and features of the group members (Blair 2002;Dasgupta and Greenwald 2001;Macrae, Bodenhausen, and Milne 1995;Mitchell, Nosek, and Banaji 2003;Sinclair and Kunda 1999;Spencer et al 1998). Similarly, we suggest that consumers' purchase intentions following fast disclaimers for trust-unknown, not-trusted, and trusted brands derive from a conditionally automatic process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Dangers of Pulling a Fast One: Advertisement Disclaimer Speed, Brand Trust, and Purchase Intention

Herbst

Finkel²,

Allan

et al. 2012

J Consum Res

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Two experiments demonstrated that fast (vs. normal-paced) end-of-advertisement disclaimers undermine consumers' purchase intention toward untrusted brands (both trust-unknown and not-trusted brands), but that disclaimer speed has no effect on consumers' purchase intention toward trusted brands. The differential effects of disclaimer speed for untrusted versus trusted brands were not due to differences in consumers' familiarity with the brands (experiment 1). Consistent with the hypothesis that fast disclaimers adversely affect purchase intention via heuristic rather than elaborative processes, the disclaimer speed # brand trust interaction effect remained robust even when the disclaimer presented positive information about the advertised product (experiment 2).

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“…Faces can be assigned to multiple, partially overlapping, social categories that may competes and inhibit each other (Macrae et al 1995;Higgins 1996). Specifically, a face can simultaneously be categorized as a human, a man, a famous person, an ethnic minority member, and so on, and the activation of a particular category can be influenced by task context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeing two faces together: preference formation in humans and rhesus macaques

Méary

et al. 2014

Anim Cogn

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Humans, great apes and old world monkeys show selective attention to faces depending on conspecificity, familiarity, and social status supporting the view that primates share similar face processing mechanisms. Although many studies have been done on face scanning strategy in monkeys and humans, the mechanisms influencing viewing preference have received little attention. To determine how face categories influence viewing preference in humans and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), we performed two eye-tracking experiments using a visual preference task whereby pairs of faces from different species were presented simultaneously. The results indicated that viewing time was significantly influenced by the pairing of the face categories. Humans showed a strong bias towards an own-race face in an Asian-Caucasian condition. Rhesus macaques directed more attention towards non-human primate faces when they were paired with human faces, regardless of the species. When rhesus faces were paired with faces from Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) or chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the novel species' faces attracted more attention. These results indicate that monkeys' viewing preferences, as assessed by a visual preference task, are modulated by several factors, species and dominance being the most influential. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article

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The dissection of selection in person perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping.

Cited by 364 publications

References 56 publications

A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test

A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test

On the Dangers of Pulling a Fast One: Advertisement Disclaimer Speed, Brand Trust, and Purchase Intention

Seeing two faces together: preference formation in humans and rhesus macaques

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