The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C

Roy, Rabindra N.; Roy, Lakshimi N; Vogel, Kathleen M.; Porter-Moore, C.; Pearson, Tara; Good, C.E.; Millero, Frank J.; Campbell, Douglas M.

doi:10.1016/0304-4203(93)90207-5

Cited by 644 publications

(390 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The appropriate set should be in accordance with the pH scale used in pH measurements (Dickson 1993). According to Miller0 (1995), the most recently available and reliable sets of K, and K2 are those of Goyet and Poisson (1989) and Roy et al (1993), which are in accordance with the seawater pH scale or total proton concentration scale. Although one can, in principle, translate pH values based on the NBS scale to those based on the seawater scale or total proton concentration scale (Goyet and Poisson 1989;Dickson and Miller0 1987;Dickson 1993), we did not use such translations in this study for several reasons.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

Cai

Wang

1998

Limnology & Oceanography

491

325

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The pH, alkalinity (Alk), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in estuarine waters of several rivers of Georgia in the southeastern United States are reported. Although they discharge into a narrow area in the South Atlantic Bight, the rivers along the coast of Georgia differ significantly in their drainage area (Piedmont rivers vs. coastal plain rivers), chemical composition (contents of carbonate and humics), and discharge rates. Large differences in pH, DIC, and Alk between these rivers clearly reflect the differences of material inputs to the rivers. Dramatic pH increases in the early stage of mixing (more obvious for the coastal plain rivers) reflect the low buffering capacity of the river waters despite the high content of humic substances. Flux of riverine DIC to the South Atlantic Bight is estimated to be 52.5 X lo9 mol yr-*. We suggest that the presently available world total riverine DIC flux to the ocean could have much uncertainty if the small river fluxes are important. Calculated pC0, values from the pH and DIC measurements are extremely high in low-salinity areas (1,000 to >6,000 patm at salinity < 10) as are the corresponding CO, fluxes to the atmosphere (20 to >250 mol m-* yr-I at salinity

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

Cai

Wang

1998

Limnology & Oceanography

491

325

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“…[ Roy et al [1993Roy et al [ , 1994 (hereafter K 1,2 (R)), Goyet and Poisson [1989], Hansson [1973] refit by Dickson and Millero [1987], Hansson and Mehrbach refit by Dickson and Millero [1987], Mojica Prieto and Millero [2000], and Millero et al [2006] are summarized in Table 3. Discrepancies in W arg values caused by the choice of equilibrium constants are comparable to or larger than the errors caused by the analytical precisions of DIC and TA.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea

Azetsu-Scott¹,

Clarke²,

Falkner³

et al. 2010

J. Geophys. Res.

121

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Ocean acidification is predicted to occur first in polar oceans. We investigated the saturation state of waters with respect to calcite (Ωcal) and aragonite (Ωarg) in six sections along an Arctic outflow pathway through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) and into the northwestern Atlantic using dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity measurements from 2003 to 2005. The study area, a key region connecting the Arctic and the North Atlantic, includes Smith Sound, Barrow Strait, Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Hudson Strait, and the Labrador Sea. The average Ωarg in the Arctic outflow was 1.18 ± 0.17 in Barrow Strait and 1.31 ± 0.14 in Smith Sound, with areas where Ωarg < 1. The Arctic outflow through the CAA has a high content of Pacific waters, which have a low saturation state. These waters can be traced along the western Baffin Bay to Davis Strait. South of Davis Strait, this outflow is modified by mixing with slope and offshore waters of Atlantic origin and with the outflow from Hudson Strait. Despite the mixing, low saturation state water can still be identified on the southern Labrador Shelf. The aragonite saturation horizon is found at ∼150 m in Barrow Strait; at 200 m in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, and Hudson Strait; and at 2300 m in the Labrador Sea. This study provides baseline data of the saturation states for the waters of the CAA and the northwest Atlantic. It also illustrates the downstream evolution of low saturation state Arctic outflow in the northwest Atlantic.

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“…At S P = 0, the pCO 2 values calculated using the constants of Cai and Wang (1998) compared very well with those given by the Millero (1979) constants for freshwater (difference of only ∼ 0.08 %), whereas the pCO 2 values calculated using the constants of Millero (2010) showed very poor agreement Figure 3. Differences in pCO 2 ( pCO 2 ) calculated using different published formulations of K 1 and K 2 , including Cai and Wang (1998) (C&W), Lueker et al (2000) (Luek), Roy et al (1993) (Roy), Millero (2010) (Mill), and Millero (1979) for pure water only (S P = 0) (Fresh). All calculations were carried out at 15 • C (pCO 2 at 15 • C) with measured pH and TAlk.…”

Section: Sources Of Error In Pco 2 Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All calculations were carried out at 15 • C (pCO 2 at 15 • C) with measured pH and TAlk. The constants of Lueker et al (2000) are recommended for best practices by Dickson et al (2007) and are applicable for waters at S P > 19 (delineated by the vertical dashed line), whereas those of Roy et al (1993) (S P = 5 to 45) are recommended by Dickson and Goyet (1994). Both the constants of Cai and Wang (1998) and Millero (2010) have been proposed as more appropriate for the study of the carbonate system in estuarine waters.…”

Section: Sources Of Error In Pco 2 Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial variability in surface-water <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and gas exchange in the world's largest semi-enclosed estuarine system: St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)

Dinauer

Mucci

2017

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. The incomplete spatial coverage of CO 2 partial pressure (pCO 2 ) measurements across estuary types represents a significant knowledge gap in current regional-and global-scale estimates of estuarine CO 2 emissions. Given the limited research on CO 2 dynamics in large estuaries and bay systems, as well as the sources of error in the calculation of pCO 2 (carbonic acid dissociation constants, organic alkalinity), estimates of air-sea CO 2 fluxes in estuaries are subject to large uncertainties. The Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence (EGSL) at the lower limit of the subarctic region in eastern Canada is the world's largest estuarine system, and is characterized by an exceptional richness in environmental diversity. It is among the world's most intensively studied estuaries, yet there are no published data on its surface-water pCO 2 distribution. To fill this data gap, a comprehensive dataset was compiled from direct and indirect measurements of carbonate system parameters in the surface waters of the EGSL during the spring or summer of 2003-2016. The calculated surface-water pCO 2 ranged from 435 to 765 µatm in the shallow partially mixed upper estuary, 139-578 µatm in the deep stratified lower estuary, and 207-478 µatm along the Laurentian Channel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Overall, at the time of sampling, the St. Lawrence Estuary served as a very weak source of CO 2 to the atmosphere, with an area-averaged CO 2 degassing flux of 0.98 to 2.02 mmol C m −2 d −1 (0.36 to 0.74 mol C m −2 yr −1 ). A preliminary analysis revealed that respiration (upper estuary), photosynthesis (lower estuary), and temperature (Gulf of St. Lawrence) controlled the spatial variability in surface-water pCO 2 . Whereas we used the dissociation constants of Cai and Wang (1998)

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The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C

Cited by 644 publications

References 23 publications

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea

Spatial variability in surface-water <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and gas exchange in the world's largest semi-enclosed estuarine system: St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)

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The dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at salinities 5 to 45 and temperatures 0 to 45°C

Cited by 644 publications

References 23 publications

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia

Calcium carbonate saturation states in the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea

Spatial variability in surface-water &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and gas exchange in the world's largest semi-enclosed estuarine system: St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)

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Spatial variability in surface-water <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and gas exchange in the world's largest semi-enclosed estuarine system: St. Lawrence Estuary (Canada)