The distribution of hyaluronan in human skin and mature, hypertrophic and keloid scars

Bertheim, Ulf; Hellström, Sten

doi:10.1016/0007-1226(94)90031-0

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…We based the decision not to include such a control group in part on previous clinical and animal studies of the use of unmodified hyaluronic acid with tendon surgery 26,34,35 as well as published reports in which there was no difference in gliding resistance, after repetitive motion in vitro, between tendons treated with unmodified hyaluronic acid and untreated tendons 41,55 . Finally, while the hyaluronic acid-binding-protein technique has been well studied and accepted as a sensitive and specific hyaluronic acid staining method [63][64][65][66][67][68] , it is only semiquantitative as a result of a variety of factors including, but not limited to, sample preparation (frozen or paraffin), dilution of the antibody, staining techniques (for example, washing duration and frequency), varying photographic conditions and lighting, and selection of the analytic area. Using the ratio between the cd-HA and saline-solution groups may have eliminated some errors in photographic and color density analysis as paired tendons (one treated with cd-HA and one treated with saline solution) from the same dog were photographed and analyzed together.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Treatment of Flexor Tendon Autografts with Carbodiimide-Derivatized Hyaluronic Acid<sbt aid="1047845">An in Vivo Canine Model</sbt>

Zhao

Sun

Amadio

et al. 2006

J Bone Joint Surg Am

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Background-Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that restrictive adhesions and poor digital motion are common complications after extrasynovial tendon grafting in an intrasynovial environment. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that surface modification of an extrasynovial tendon with use of a carbodiimide-derivatized hyaluronic acidgelatin polymer (cd-HA) improves gliding ability and digital function after tendon grafting in a canine model in vivo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Treatment of Flexor Tendon Autografts with Carbodiimide-Derivatized Hyaluronic Acid<sbt aid="1047845">An in Vivo Canine Model</sbt>

Zhao

Sun

Amadio

et al. 2006

J Bone Joint Surg Am

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“…HA is present at high levels within the developing vertebral column, the neural crest-derived mesenchyme of the craniofacial region, and the heart and smooth muscle throughout the midgestation embryo (52). In adult tissues, HA expression has been detected in tissues including brain and central nervous system, cartilage, skin, cardiac and skeletal muscle, lung, and lymph node (45,(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58).…”

Section: Fig 6 Southern Analysis Of Mouse Has2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Putative Mouse Hyaluronan Synthase

Spicer

Augustine

McDonald

1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

157

104

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We report the isolation of a novel mouse gene which encodes a putative hyaluronan synthase. The cDNA was identified using degenerate reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Degenerate primers were designed based upon an alignment of the amino acid sequences of Streptococcus pyogenes HasA, Xenopus laevis DG42, and Rhizobium meliloti NodC. A mouse embryo cDNA library was screened with the resultant polymerase chain reaction product, and multiple cDNA clones spanning 3 kilobase pairs (kb) were isolated. The open reading frame predicted a 63-kDa protein with several transmembrane sequences, multiple consensus phosphorylation sites, and four putative hyaluronan binding motifs. The amino acid sequence displayed 55% identity to mouse HAS, 56% identity to Xenopus DG42, and 21% identity to Streptococcus HasA. Northern analysis identified transcripts of 4.8 kb and 3.2 kb, which were expressed highly in the developing mouse embryo and at lower levels in adult mouse heart, brain, spleen, lung, and skeletal muscle. Transfection experiments demonstrated that mouse Has2 could direct hyaluronan coat biosynthesis in transfected COS cells, as evidenced by a classical particle exclusion assay. These results suggest that mammalian HA synthase activity is regulated by at least two related genes. Accordingly, we propose the name Has2 for this gene.Hyaluronan (HA 1 ) is a linear unbranched polymer made up of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid(␤133)Nacetylglucosamine(␤134). More than 60 years after the isolation of hyaluronan from the vitreous humor (1), its synthetic pathway remains incompletely characterized. HA is synthesized as a free, linear polymer at the inner face of the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells and is subsequently extruded to the outside of the cell (2-7). HA biosynthesis in mammalian cells may be regulated in part through signaling cascades (8, 9).Certain bacteria can synthesize an HA polymer that is identical to the polymer synthesized by mammalian cells (10 -12). Indeed, investigation of HA biosynthesis in the Group A Streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, has recently led to the identification and cloning of several genes that encode enzymes critical for HA biosynthesis in this bacterium (11). However, until very recently, no genes have been identified that encode enzymes with similar activities in mammalian cells.Degenerate reverse transcriptase-PCR has been a useful tool in the identification and cloning of many genes and gene families (13-15). This approach relies upon conserved sequences deduced from alignments of related gene or protein sequences. The hasA gene of S. pyogenes encodes hyaluronan synthase in this bacterium (11). Sequence analysis predicts that this protein is a membrane protein with a large intracellular loop encoding the active site of the enzyme (11). Similarly, in mammalian cells, the HA synthase has been localized to the plasma membrane, with the active site on the inner face of the membrane (4, 5). Data base searches have identified the Rhizobium sp. nodulation fa...

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“…In its center, a keloid has fewer cells and, in contrast to hypertrophic scars, does not contain α-actin-positive smooth musculature featuring myofibroblasts (31). Furthermore, the keloid epidermic layer contains increased amounts of hyaluronic acid, which is an essential part of the epidermis of young scars (32). The presence of apoptosis in keloids is reduced, and aTP-levels are increased in comparison to hypertrophic scars (33).…”

Section: Histology Of Keloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keloids: Fundamental principles and prospects (Review)

Gieringer

Elliott²,

Gosepath³

et al. 2009

Mol Med Rep

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Abstract. Wound healing is a very complex process of interactions between different cells, growth factors, blood elements and extracellular matrix. Keloids represent one of the possible complications in the fundamental process of cutaneous wound repair. despite all efforts, keloids remain a therapeutic challenge since no treatment is as yet considered 100% effective. Growth factors, discovered in the late 1970s, have been shown to influence dermal regeneration. However, the exogenous application of growth factors to chronic wounds has not proven to be effective in healing them. additionally, genetic analysis has not revealed any single gene that might cause keloids; as such, classic gene therapy is not a feasible option for the treatment of keloids. a new approach is so-called somatic gene therapy. This review provides an overview of the fundamentals of wound healing and of keloids, and presents new possibilities that may improve cutaneous wound repair.

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The distribution of hyaluronan in human skin and mature, hypertrophic and keloid scars

Cited by 63 publications

References 33 publications

Surface Treatment of Flexor Tendon Autografts with Carbodiimide-Derivatized Hyaluronic Acid<sbt aid="1047845">An in Vivo Canine Model</sbt>

Surface Treatment of Flexor Tendon Autografts with Carbodiimide-Derivatized Hyaluronic Acid<sbt aid="1047845">An in Vivo Canine Model</sbt>

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Putative Mouse Hyaluronan Synthase

Keloids: Fundamental principles and prospects (Review)

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