The Domestication and Distribution of Theobroma cacao L. in the Neotropics

Ogata, Nisao; Gómez‐Pompa, A.; Taube, Karl

doi:10.5744/florida/9780813029535.003.0003

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The Soconusco region of southern Mexico produces 30% of the national production of cacao beans (SIAP, 2013). During the second half of the twentieth century, Mexican government programs promoted the renovation of old, sick Criollo orchards with Trinitario and Forastero varieties (López-Mendoza, 1987;Ogata, 2003). Nevertheless, experienced cacao producers are still able to identify and select native Criollo trees based on phenotypic characteristics from traditional plantations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic identification of Theobroma cacao

Vázquez-Ovando¹,

Molina‐Freaner²,

Núñez‐Farfán³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Criollo-type cacao trees are an important pool of genes with potential to be used in cacao breeding and selection programs. For that reason, we assessed the diversity and population structure of Criollo-type trees (108 cultivars with Criollo phenotypic characteristics and 10 Criollo references) using 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Cultivars were selected from 7 demes in the Soconusco region of southern Mexico. SSRs amplified 74 alleles with an average of 3.6 alleles per population. The overall populations showed an average observed heterozygosity of 0.28, indicating heterozygote deficiency (average fixation index F = 0.50). However, moderate allelic diversity was found within populations Genetic identification of high Criollo ancestry cacao trees (Shannon index for all populations I = 0.97). Bayesian method analysis determined 2 genetic clusters (K = 2) within individuals. In concordance, an assignment test grouped 37 multilocus genotypes (including 10 references) into a first cluster (Criollo), 54 into a second (presumably Amelonado), and 27 admixed individuals unassigned at the 90% threshold likely corresponding to the Trinitario genotype. This classification was supported by the principal coordinate analysis and analysis of molecular variance, which showed 12% of variation among populations (F ST = 0.123, P < 0.0001). Sampled demes sites (1-7) in the Soconusco region did not show any evidence of clustering by geographic location, and this was supported by the Mantel test (R xy = 0.54, P = 0.120). Individuals with high Criollo lineage planted in Soconusco farms could be an important reservoir of genes for future breeding programs searching for fine, taste, flavor, and aroma cocoa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic identification of Theobroma cacao

Vázquez-Ovando¹,

Molina‐Freaner²,

Núñez‐Farfán³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…Researchers have focused on the natural distribution of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) within tropical regions of South America and Mesoamerica (2). Scholars also have emphasized the geographical areas of domestication (2)(3)(4), and recent research on the botanical origins and domestication of cacao in South America has focused on the western headwaters region of the Amazon basin in the geographical vicinity of northwestern Colombia (2). Currently, there is no evidence to suggest that early inhabitants of this South American region prepared chocolate in the strict sense.…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec

Powis

Cyphers

Gaikwad

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mesoamerican peoples had a long history of cacao use—spanning more than 34 centuries—as confirmed by previous identification of cacao residues on archaeological pottery from Paso de la Amada on the Pacific Coast and the Olmec site of El Manatí on the Gulf Coast. Until now, comparable evidence from San Lorenzo, the premier Olmec capital, was lacking. The present study of theobromine residues confirms the continuous presence and use of cacao products at San Lorenzo between 1800 and 1000 BCE, and documents assorted vessels forms used in its preparation and consumption. One elite context reveals cacao use as part of a mortuary ritual for sacrificial victims, an event that occurred during the height of San Lorenzo's power.

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“…T. cacao is native to the Amazon Valley (Rios Napo, Putumayo and Amazonas), within the limits of Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador where greater genetic diversity of species of Theobroma is found. Is widely distributed from southeastern Mexico to the Amazon basin (Ogata, Gómez, & Taube, 2009).…”

Section: Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocoa Production Stability in Relation to Changing Rainfall and Temperature in East Java, Indonesia

Santosa¹,

Sakti²,

Fattah³

et al. 2018

JTCS

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Climate change as indicated by rising temperature and changing rainfall pattern has been known to affect cacao production in many production countries. However, studies on the effects of rainfall and temperature variability on the cacao production are rarely reported in Indonesia. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the stability of cocoa production in relation to rainfall and temperature variability in order to develop sustainable production under climate change scenario. Research was conducted at a state owned company in Jember District, East Java, Indonesia from February to June 2015. Production and climatic data of 2010-2015 were evaluated using simple regression and correlation analysis. Results revealed that productivity fluctuated among months and among years. However, the fluctuation among months (s2 = 117.076) was lower than among years (s2 = 311.225). Rainfall and temperature showed variability among months and among years; and the fluctuation among months was lower in both rainfall and temperature. Rainfall at one to four months before harvest correlated with production (r=0.400-0.671; P= 0.000 to 0.001) and temperature at two to four months before harvest determined cocoa production (r=0.371-0.412; P=0.001-0.003). High monthly cocoa production coincided with decreasing temperature and rainfall for 4 to 5 months during pod development. The presented study implies that both short and long term strategies should be implemented under climatic variability to sustain cocoa production. It is recommended to apply production technology to stabilize micro climate temperature and to minimize the impact of high rainfall such as shade plant and canopy manipulation.

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The Domestication and Distribution of Theobroma cacao L. in the Neotropics

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Genetic identification of Theobroma cacao

Genetic identification of Theobroma cacao

Cacao use and the San Lorenzo Olmec

Cocoa Production Stability in Relation to Changing Rainfall and Temperature in East Java, Indonesia

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