The duration of word meaning responses: Stroop interference for different preexposures of the word

Dyer, Frederick N.

doi:10.3758/bf03329102

Cited by 90 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…His situation is analogous to the current manipulation that produced facilitaiton, in that the implicit response involved in instrument generation matches the Stroop word in the related context condition. A similar finding was reported by Dyer (1971), who found that a preview of the Stroop word reduced interference in a Stroop-like task. These effects are interesting, and there are a number of possible explanations.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Instrument inferences and verb schemata

Dosher

Corbett

1982

Mem Cogn

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Five studies employed a Stroop paradigm to examine the activation of instruments in sentence comprehension. Two types of instruments were studied, tools (e.g., spoon, hammer) and body parts (e.g., hand, wing). For example, is the concept "broom" activated by the sentence "The man swept the floor," or is the concept "wing" activated by the sentence "The duck flew over the pond"? Earlier studies have suggested that implicit instruments are not encoded in the underlying representation of a sentence during comprehension. The first four studies in the present paper reveal no evidence that abstract knowledge of the instruments is even activated. In the fifth study, the Stroop task reveals an effect if subjects are instructed to generate implicit instruments, although a facilitatory (rather than an inhibitory) effect is obtained.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Instrument inferences and verb schemata

Dosher

Corbett

1982

Mem Cogn

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“…For the Stroop color-naming effect, the typical pattern is that the effect is reduced but not completely eliminated at long SOAs (Dyer, 1971;Glaser & Glaser, 1982). We found no studies for the spatial Stroop effect in which precuing was used with tasks that required vocal responses to 10: cations.…”

Section: Relative Timing Ofthe Relevantand Irrelevant Informationmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The primary difference between the two models is that whereas the horse race model assumes a single response channel in which the activation of response codes is independent of response modality, the translational model assumes separate response channels for vocal and keypress responses, with a response code being activated for the irrelevant stimulus dimension only when it has a privileged access to the channel that is being used (i.e., irrelevant location information for keypress responses and irrelevant word information for vocal responses). The results ofthe SOA studies (e.g., Dyer, 1971;Glaser & Glaser, 1982;Sugg & McDonald, 1994) that are inconsistent with the horse race model can be explained by the translational model (Virzi & Egeth, 1985). According to the translational model, for the word-reading task, it is not obligatory to process the irrelevant dimension of color information in the decision stage.…”

Section: Evidence Against the Horse Race Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

1995

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of irrelevant location information on performance of visual choice-reaction tasks. We review empirical findings and theoretical explanations from two domains, those of the Simon effect and the spatial Stroop effect, in which stimulus location has been shown to affect reaction time when irrelevant to the task. Wethen integrate the findings and explanations from the two domains to clarify how and why stimulus location influences performance even when it is uninformative to the correct response. Factors that influence the processing of irrelevant location information include response modality, relative timing with respect to the relevant information, spatial coding, and allocation of attention. The most promising accounts are offered by models in which response selection is a function of (1) strength of association of the irrelevant stimulus information with the response and (2) temporal overlap of the resulting response activation with that produced by the relevant stimulus information.The role played by stimulus location in visual information processing has been a controversial issue. This issue has been investigated primarily by means ofvisual search tasks in which a target stimulus in an array of distractors must be detected or identified. Reaction time (RT) in such tasks is typically an increasing function ofarray size, and accuracy a decreasing function, when the target is defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., Treisman & Gelade, 1980;Van Zandt & Townsend, 1993), leading some authors to propose that attending to location is necessary for feature integration (e.g., Nissen, 1985;Treisman & Gelade, 1980). As expected if location must be attended in such situations, a stimulus for a second task shows a processing benefit when it occurs in a location adjacent to the target stimulus of the search task rather than in a more remote location (e.g., Hoffman & Nelson, 1981), and precuing the location in the array in which the target stimulus will occur facilitates its processing (e.g., Eriksen & Hoffman, 1972). However, facilitation from a location precue is also apparent when the target is presented alone and requires only a detection response (e.g., Bashinski & Bacharach, 1980;Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980), suggesting that it may be necessary to attend to the locaWe would like to thank Bernhard Hommel, Colin MacLeod, Bob Melara, Jim Neely, Richard Schweickert, Richard Simon, and Howard Zelaznik for helpful comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Reprint requests should be sent to Chen-Hui Lu, Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, or Robert W. Proctor, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1364. tion of any stimulus on which a response is based. Consistent with this possibility, Tsal and Lavie (1993) recently showed that when the relevant feature of a precue stimulus is nonspatial (e.g., color), there is still facilitation in the identification of a s...

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“…The amount of interference decreases with increasing semantic distance: When printed in red, the colorneutral distractor word THEME produces less interference than the color-related distractor word SKY, and SKY yields less interference than BLUE (Dalrymple-Alford, 1972;Klein, 1964), which is often referred to as the semantic gradient. Furthermore, color naming is often faster in the congruent condition (the word RED in red ink) compared with the control condition, but it is important to note that this facilitation is always less than the interference from the incongruent condition (e.g., Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984;Dyer, 1971b;MacLeod, 1998). Facilitation is not always observed (e.g., Mewhort et al, 1992), but usually it ranges from about 20 ms (Regan, 1978) to 50 ms (Kahneman & Chajczyk, 1983).…”

Section: Basic Characteristics Of the Stroop Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task.

Roelofs

2003

Psychological Review

394

801

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This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on an implemented model of word production, WEAVERϩϩ (W. J. M. Levelt, A. Roelofs, & A. S. Meyer, 1999b;A. Roelofs, 1992A. Roelofs, , 1997c. Stroop effects are claimed to arise from processing interactions within the language-production architecture and explicit goal-referenced control. WEAVERϩϩ successfully simulates 16 classic data sets, mostly taken from the review by C. M. MacLeod

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The duration of word meaning responses: Stroop interference for different preexposures of the word

Cited by 90 publications

References 6 publications

Instrument inferences and verb schemata

Instrument inferences and verb schemata

The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects

Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task.

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