The dynamics of standing balance

The test–retest reliability of centre of pressure measures in bipedal static task conditions – A systematic review of the literature

“…This postural control system depends on the unimpaired ability to correctly perceive the environment through peripheral sensory systems, as well as to process and integrate vestibular, visual and proprioceptive inputs at the central nervous system (CNS) level. Depending on whether the task at hand is static or dynamic in nature, the CNS employs different strategies to form appropriate muscle synergies needed to maintain equilibrium [3]. In addition to individual perceptual and motor skills, the area of support in terms of foot position, musculoskeletal characteristics and task constraints play an important role in postural stability.…”

“…The methods of measurement of human standing posture can be broadly classified into three main groups: 1) Body segment displacement during standing posture, 2) muscle activity for maintaining postural equilibrium, and 3) measurement of the movement and patterns of the center of mass (COM) or center of pressure (COP) [3]. 1) Body segment displacement refers to the change in position of body segments such head or trunk during adaptive movements in order to maintain balance [4].…”

Auditory white noise reduces postural fluctuations even in the absence of vision

“…Postural stability relies on active motor adjustment and control of a distributed system of muscles (Balasubramaniam and Wing 2002). Successful control relies on prediction and feedback from the somatosensory, vestibular, and visual modalities (Dozza et al 2007).…”

The Potential of Color Doppler Ultrasound Efficiency in Monitoring Diabetic Nonulcerated Neuroarthropathic (Charcot) Foot

“…While maintaining balance involves the integration of the sensory systems (vestibular, visual and somatosensory systems) in the CNS, the motor system is also imperative in postural control [37]. The musculoskeletal system can add to stability by using activation of both agonist and antagonist activity to stabilize the body [38]. Laughton and colleagues [39] have shown a correlation of muscle activity at the ankles with the short-term postural sway.…”