The Eastern Amazon Basin and the Coca–Cocaine Complex

Machado, Luciana

doi:10.1111/1468-2451.00326

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In these areas, the incidence of homicides is likely related to drug trafficking, illegal gun running, crime, and even violent means for solving personal disagreements [46]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The homicidal violence in the regional urban space can occur when the spatial dispersion of drug trafficking operations promotes a shift of violence to cities and the localities tied to the drug route and narcotics economy [53]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this sense, the consolidation of local economic activities can help reduce violence by settling migrants and establishing institutions that overcome the historic lack of state actions in the region. The explosive character of these changes, with rapid growth followed by the decline of economic activity, has hindered sustainable development and aggravated the vulnerability of the region’s traditional populations [46,51]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The state’s repressive actions, promoted through attacks on laboratory areas where narcotics are sold and circulated, as well as the activities of traffickers who in the distribution scheme enter into conflict for the definitive control of certain areas to sell drugs [53]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Amazon, this conflictual framework largely occurs in disputes arising from political and economic actions and interests that hover around large agricultural enterprises in the consolidated pioneer area, the intermediary pioneer area (the deforestation arc), and the expanding pioneer area [3,4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Expansion of the Economic Frontier and the Diffusion of Violence in the Amazon

Souza

Xavier²,

Rican

et al. 2015

IJERPH

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Over the last few decades, the occupation of the Amazon and the expansion of large-scale economic activities have exerted a significant negative impact on the Amazonian environment and on the health of the Amazon’s inhabitants. These processes have altered the context of the manifestation of health problems in time and space and changed the characteristics of the spatial diffusion of health problems in the region. This study analyzed the relationships between the various economic processes of territorial occupation in the Amazon and the spatial diffusion of homicidal violence through the configuration of networks of production, as well as the movements of population and merchandise. Statistical data on violence, deforestation, the production of agricultural items, and socio-economic variables, georeferenced and available for the 771 municipalities of the Legal Amazon were used in this study. The results suggest that the diffusion of violence closely follows the economic expansion front, which is related to deforestation and livestock production but has little relation to grain production, demonstrating steps and typologies of recent occupation in the Amazon that promote violence. These spatial patterns reveal environmental and socio-economic macro-determinants that materialize in geographic space through the construction of highways and the formation of city networks.

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“…In these areas, the incidence of homicides is likely related to drug trafficking, illegal gun running, crime, and even violent means for solving personal disagreements [46]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Expansion of the Economic Frontier and the Diffusion of Violence in the Amazon

Souza

Xavier²,

Rican

et al. 2015

IJERPH

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Capability Failures and Corrosive Disadvantage in a Violent Rainforest Metropolis

Silva

Fraser

Parry³

2021

Geographical Review

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Governments continue to narrowly equate improved well-being with economic growth, contrary to decades of development scholarship. The capabilities approach, instead, emphasizes freedom and what individuals are able to do and to be within society. However, it underplays structural determinants of social inequities and says little about violence, a dominant problem in metropolitan areas of Latin America. Framing our analysis around capabilities and theorizing on disadvantage, we examine experiences of inequity and violence in Manaus, a metropolis in the Brazilian Amazon. We show how the threat of physical violence is highly corrosive because it underpins a cluster of disadvantage that profoundly impacts central capabilities, including emotions, bodily integrity, and affiliation. Social isolation is commonplace because interactions are perceived as risks rather than pathways to mutual recognition. Violence begets violence in low-income neighborhoods and this constrains capabilities, causes shame and indignity, and limits potential for self-realization. Policy makers should address how disadvantaged people feel about themselves, relate to others, and are able to decide how to conduct their daily lives. Keywords: poverty, symbolic violence, urban."When I arrived here, we had little money and few possessions," said Maria, referring to the neighborhood of São Jorge, Manaus, in the 1960s. "Here was considered Manaus' periphery, and it looked like people were living in small farms; there were no paved roads or electricity. Our family used to grow food in our garden. I used to swim in the Cachoeiras Igarapé [a river close to her house] and I knew most of our neighbors . . . The biggest change from those times is more robberies now. . . . This week a man was killed on my street . . . A few weeks ago, a man broke into my house. When I encountered him, I was so frightened I thought I'd have a heart attack. I couldn't move or breathe. Luckily, he left without harming me. . . . Nowadays, I'm scared of tending my garden because I feel exposed and vulnerable there, and worry about being robbed. I spend most of my time inside my house with all the doors and gates locked.M aria, like many manauaras, as people from Manaus are known, has tangible reasons to worry about her safety. She lives on Cachoeira Street, considered to be one of the most dangerous in the city, which has 1,660 violent deaths per year (Orellana et al. 2017). This equates to almost double Brazil's national homicide rate (Cerqueira et al. 2018). Manauaras are only too aware of the risks

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