The eco-cultural context of the undernourished children in a study on the effects of early supplementary feeding in Indonesia

Saco-Pollitt, C; Triana, Noor Yunida; Harahap, Heryudarini; Husaini, M. A.; Jahari, AB; Pollitt, Ernesto

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601000

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…First, it suggests that during the second year of life, as the child grows older and more mature, motor development is conducive to higher physical independence. However, the ®nding in the 12-month-old cohort suggests, contrary to our own predictions (see Pollitt, 2000), that at this earlier age, developmentally mature children, who are not yet able to walk, are more likely to be picked up. A possible explanation lies in local, cultural caretaking practices (see SacoPollitt et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that the sample size of the two cohorts were too small to provide the power required to demonstrate statistical differences between models. Most of the interrelated sequential effects we had predicted were present in the older children whose development had covered a time period long enough to permit such relationships to establish themselves (see Pollitt, 2000). Some of these same relationships were not yet likely to have developed before 1 y of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This paper presents the results of a preliminary statistical test of the conceptual model outlined in Pollitt (2000). Our main aim was to test the following two questions:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A preliminary test of a developmental model for the study of undernourished children in Indonesia

Walka

Pollitt

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: Structural equation modeling of an abbreviated version of the conceptual model of the effects of micronutrient and energy supplementation on growth and development of undernourished children in West Java. The study focused on the baseline data from the Pangalengan longitudinal project. Design: This trial included two cohorts of children classi®ed as nutritionally-at-risk who were randomly assigned to three treatments (condensed milk micronutrients (E ); skimmed milk micronutrients (M); skimmed milk (S )). Supplements were given for a period of up to 12 months. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan. Subjects: A 12-month-old (n 53) and an 18-month-old (n 83) cohort were recruited from 24 day care centers. Twenty children that received the S supplement were part of the 12-and 18-month-old cohorts. Criteria for inclusion were: no chronic disease; length-for-age À1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-for-length between À1 and À2 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Variables: Indicators of socioeconomic status were economic and educational resources; length-for-age and weight-for-length were used as indicators of nutritional status; motor development and motor activity were measured with custom-made procedures; and carrying by caretaker and manipulation of objects were used as indicators of caretaking and exploratory behavior. Results: The model ®tted the data of the older but not of the younger cohort (w 2 statistic and three other indices of goodness to ®t). However, there were no differences between cohorts in the estimation of the models.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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A preliminary test of a developmental model for the study of undernourished children in Indonesia

Walka

Pollitt

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…In Indonesia, 19% of the subjects whose length-for-age fell one standard deviation below the reference standards were delayed in motor development, whereas only 5% of those who were above minus one standard deviation showed a similar delay . Such differences in motor development are probably determined by nutritional and possibly cultural factors (Saco-Pollitt et al, 2000).…”

Section: Level 1 Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A developmental view of the undernourished child: background and purpose of the study in Pangalengan, Indonesia

Pollitt

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: This is the ®rst of a series of reports published in this supplement of an experimental study to test the validity of a conceptual model about the intellectual delay of undernourished children. This paper describes the model and outlines its empirical and theoretical basis. The model provides a conceptual framework for the multiple relationships among growth and developmental domains presumably affected by malnutrition. It allows for a statistical statement regarding the goodness of ®t between data and theory. The model also identi®es particular hypotheses regarding multiple distinct pathways of human development. The following questions were addressed: (1) what are the effects of early supplementary feeding on the physical growth, motor development and activity, mental development and behavior of infants and toddlers who are nutritionally at risk? (2) What are the effects of a micronutrient supplement in the presence and absence of a high-energy supplement? (3) What are the moderating effects of developmental level and timing of the intervention. Design: The study was a randomized clinical trial involving two cohorts (12 and 18 months old) of nutritionallyat-risk children living in Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia and three types of supplements: condensed milk micronutrients; skimmed milk micronutrients; and skimmed milk. The children were tested every 2 months for a period of 12 months.

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“…Other papers in this supplement describe in greater detail the background and purpose of the study (Pollitt, 2000) the study site (Saco-Pollitt et al, 2000;Paknawin et al, 2000), as well as the overall design of the study and the methods used (Pollitt, 2000. The following methodology section provides further detail only on aspects directly related to nutritional status and dietary intakes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional intake of an undernourished infant population receiving an energy and micronutrient supplement in Indonesia

et al. 2000

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Objectives: This paper reports the dietary intake (home, day care centers, supplement and breast milk) of the children in the clinical trial in Pangalengan. Design: Two cohorts of children were randomly assigned to three treatments: E 1171 kJ 12 mg iron; M 209 kJ 12 mg iron; S 104 kJ. Supplementation was given for 12 months. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan, West Java. Subjects: A 12-month-old (n 53) and an 18-month-old (n 83) cohort were recruited from day-care-centers. Twenty children who received S belong to the 12-and 18-month-old cohorts. Inclusion criteria were: no chronic disease; length-for-age À1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-for-length between À1 and À2 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Methods: E 1171 kJ 12 mg iron; M 209 kJ 12 mg iron; S 104 kJ. Supplementation was given for 12 months. Evaluations of intake were made at baseline and every 2 months thereafter. Results: For the 12-month-old cohort the mean increase in daily energy intake $ 2931 kJ for E, $ 1675 kJ for M, and $ 837 kJ increase over the 6 months for the S group. For the 18-month-old cohort the changes were $ 2512 kJ for E $ 1675 for the M group and $ 1047 for the S group.

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The eco-cultural context of the undernourished children in a study on the effects of early supplementary feeding in Indonesia

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

A preliminary test of a developmental model for the study of undernourished children in Indonesia

A preliminary test of a developmental model for the study of undernourished children in Indonesia

A developmental view of the undernourished child: background and purpose of the study in Pangalengan, Indonesia

Nutritional intake of an undernourished infant population receiving an energy and micronutrient supplement in Indonesia

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