Indonesia is currently facing the double burden of malnutrition. While undernutrition is still a major public health problem, the prevalence of overnutrition is increasing. The objective of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) was to provide up-to-date data on nutritional status, food consumption and biochemical parameters related to nutrition for children aged 0·5-12 years. The SEANUTS study in Indonesia was conducted in a nationwide representative sample of 7·211 children using multistage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size, stratified for geographical location, in forty-eight out of 440 districts/cities. The results show that the growth (weight for age, height for age, weight for height and BMI for age) of Indonesian pre-school-and school-aged children is below the WHO standards. The older the children, the more the deviation from the WHO standard curves. Underweight was more prevalent in rural areas (28·9 v. 19·2 %) and overweight/obesity was observed to be more widespread in urban areas (5·6 v. 3·2 %). The prevalence varied with age groups and sexes. The overall prevalence of stunting was 25·2 and 39·2 % in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia was nearly 55 % in children aged 0·5-1·9 years and ranged from 10·6 to 15·5 % in children aged 2-12 years. Fe deficiency was observed in 4·1-8·8 % of the children. The percentage of children with dietary intakes of energy, protein, and vitamins A and C below the Indonesian RDA was high and differed across urban and rural areas and age groups.

Objectives: This paper reports the effects of an energy and micronutrient supplementation on mental and motor development, activity and behavior under natural conditions of children classi®ed as iron de®cient anemic and iron replete. Design: Children were randomly assigned to two different nutritional supplements: (1) 12 mg iron either 1171 or 209 kJ; (2) 104 kJ 0 iron. Treatment lasted for 6 months. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan, West Java. Subjects: Eighteen anemic subjects (hemoglobin`110 gaL; transferrin saturation (TS)`16%) and 18 matched (sex and age) controls (hemoglobin b 110 gaL; TS b 16%) were selected from a pool of children with the following characteristics: no chronic disease; length-for-age 7 1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-forlength between 71 and 72 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Methods: Hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation and erythrocyte protoporphyrin were evaluated before and 6 months after treatment. The following psychological measurements were obtained at baseline and 2, 4 and 6 months later. Mental and motor development was evaluated with the Bayley Scale. Motor activity was measured by 4 h continuous observations at home and at day care centers. The interactions between the child and its social and physical environment were also evaluated during 4 h of observations. Results: Anemic children showed faster motor development and greater physical activity than the control children did. None of the other tests showed inter-group differences.

Growth and development of children affected by various risk factors include malnutrition, poverty, and a less stimulated home environment. The objective of this analysis was to calculate the proportion of growth and development disorder and to determine the association of food intake and care for children with children's growth and development. Samples were 247 children aged of 0.5-1.9 years who participated in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) in 2011. Growth was assesed by height for age in Z-score of WHO standard. Development was measured using Denver II test. Children were divided into four groups: 1).normal height with normal development (NH-ND); 2).stunting with normal development (S-ND), 3).normal height with suspected underdevelopment (NH-SD), and 4).stunting with suspected underdevelopment (S-SD). Protein intake was divided into adequate (≥80% RDA) and inadequate (<80% RDA). Care for children was measured by the length of carrying them, categorized into ≤2 hours or >2 hours. Socio-economic status was categorized into low and high based on quintile. Age was categorized into 0.5-0.9 years and 1.0-1.9 years. Data analysis employed multi-nomial logistic regression. Proportions of NH-SD, S-ND, NH-SD and S-SD were 53.6%, 17.9%, 19.4%, and 9.1%, respectively. S-ND was associated with protein intake (OR=2.2;95%CI:1.1-4.6), aged 1.0-1.9 years (OR=6.9: 95%CI:2.2-22.1). NH-SD was associated with aged 1-1.9 years (OR=0.3; 95%CI:0.1-0.6). S-SD was associated with inadequate protein intake (OR=3.1; 95%CI:1.2-8.2), low SES and duration of carrying them more than 2 hours (OR=6.9; 95%CI:2.5-19.0). Protein intake, SES and care for children were risk factors for growth and development of children.

Objectives: This paper describes the ecological and cultural backdrop of the subjects enrolled in an experimental study to test the validity of a conceptual model about the intellectual delay of undernourished children. Design: The experiment was a 12-month clinical, randomized trial on the effects of early supplementary feeding on two cohorts of children classi®ed as nutritionally-at-risk. Three different supplements (condensed milk micronutrients; skimmed milk micronutrients; skimmed milk) were given to the children during 6 or 12 months of the study. Setting: The plantations are 1500 ± 1800 m above sea level in Pangalengan, 50 km south of Bandung, West Java.Temperature¯uctuates from 10 to 17 C. A high yearly precipitation is 3000 mm. Communities are laid out at 5 ± 15 km from one another. Living conditions are modest. Subjects: The 156 subjects were recruited from 24 day-care-centers (DCC) that serviced families of 24 communities in six tea plantations. The 12-and 18-month-old cohorts included 73 and 83 children, respectively; each cohort included three subgroups that received distinct supplements. Obeservations: The interactions of the caretakers with the children in the DCCs were consistent with the socialization for survival mode. A primary concern was the physical growth, health, cleanliness, sanitation and safety of the children. Stimulating children, providing toys and initiating play or other activities that would emphasize educational development had a low priority.

Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepadatan tulang, aktivitas fisik, dan konsumsi makanan dengan kejadian stunting. Analisis menggunakan data anak usia 6.0 -12.9 tahun (n=192) dari South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) tahun 2011.Kepadatan tulang diukur dengan metoda dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), yang dikategorikan menjadi rendah (≤ -2 SD) dan normal (> 2 SD). Aktivitas fisik dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan pedometer. Aktivitas fisik yang dikategorikan menjadi rendah (< 11,636 untuk laki-laki dan < 10,311 langkah untuk perempuan), sedang (11,636 -15,891 langkah untuk laki-laki dan 10,311 -14,070 langkah untuk perempuan) dan tinggi ( > 15,891 langkah untuk laki-laki dan > 14,070 langkah untuk perempuan). Konsumsi makanan dikumpulkan dengan cara 24 hours dietary recall. Konsumsi protein dikategorikan menjadi rendah (< 80% RDA) dan normal (≥ 80% RDA). Logistic regression analysis digunakan untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel dependen dan independen. Hasil studi menunjukkan anak dengan kepadatan tulang rendah berisiko untuk menjadi stunting 5,3 kali (OR = 5,325 ; CI= 1,075 -26,387) dibandingkan dengan anak kepadatan tulang normal. Aktivitas fisik anak sedang (OR = 0,139 ; CI = 0,037 -0,521) merupakan faktor protektif untuk kejadian stunting dibandingkan dengan aktivitas tinggi. Anak dengan konsumsi protein <80% dari angka kecukupan gizi (AKG) yang dianjurkan berisiko untuk menjadi stunting 6,4 kali (OR = 6,448 ; CI = 1,756 -23,672) dibandingkan anak dengan konsumsi protein ≥80%. Selain akibat kekurangan konsumsi protein, perhatian juga perlu diberikan kepada aktivitas fisik dan kepadatan tulang anak untuk mencegah stunting dan akibat jangka panjangnya. Kata kunci: stunting, kepadatan tulang, aktivitas fisik ABSTRACT BONE MINERAL DENSITY, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND DIETARY INTAKES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH STUNTING IN 6-12 YEARS OLD CHILDREN This study assessed the association of stunting in schoolage children (6-12 year old) with bone mineral density (BMD), physical activity (PA), and dietary intakes. Data on 6-12 year old children (n=192) from the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS) 2011. BMD was measured using DXA, which was categorized into low (≤-2 SD) and normal ( > -2 SD). Physical activity (PA) was measured using pedometers. PA was categorized into low (< 11,636 steps for boys and < 10,311 steps for girls), moderate (11,636 -15,891 steps for boys and 10,311 -14,070 steps for girls) and high ( > 15,891 steps for boys and 14,070 steps for girls). Dietary data was collected by 24 hours dietary recall. Protein consumption is categorized into low (< 80% RDA) and normal (≥ 80% RDA). Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association. The results showed that children with low bone density(≤ -2 SD) had a 5.3 times higher risk to be stunted (OR =5.325; 95% CI=1.075 to 26.387) than children with normal bone density. Moderate physicial activity was a protective factor for stunting (OR =0.139; 95% CI=0.037 to 0.521) than children with high physical activity. Children who con...