The Ecology of Hyperparasitoids

Poelman, Erik H.; Cusumano, Antonino; Boer, Jetske G. de

doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-060921-072718

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…On the other hand, for the parasitoid assemblage found on the OCC treatment, five parasitoid species were found, and as with the SV treatment, A. platensis was the most abundant parasitoid and mainly associated with the most common aphid species, B. helichrysi ( Figure 1 ). Hyperparasitoids, which represent the fourth trophic level, may have effects on the aphid population by disrupting biological control of the primary parasitoids [ 45 , 72 , 73 ]. According to the food web composition analysis, a higher resource diversity (primary parasitoid species) was provided by the SV treatment compared to the OCC treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile

Alvarez-Baca

Montealegre

Alfaro-Tapia

et al. 2023

Insects

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By increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems, it has been proposed that one can enhance and stabilize ecosystem functioning by increasing natural enemies’ diversity. Food web structure determines ecosystem functioning as species at different trophic levels are linked in interacting networks. We compared the food web structure and composition of the aphid– parasitoid and aphid-hyperparasitoid networks in two differentially managed plum orchards: plums with inter-rows of oats as a cover crop (OCC) and plums with inter-rows of spontaneous vegetation (SV). We hypothesized that food web composition and structure vary between OCC and SV, with network specialization being higher in OCC and a more complex food web composition in SV treatment. We found a more complex food web composition with a higher species richness in SV compared to OCC. Quantitative food web metrics differed significantly among treatments showing a higher generality, vulnerability, interaction evenness, and linkage density in SV, while OCC presented a higher degree of specialization. Our results suggest that plant diversification can greatly influence the food web structure and composition, with bottom-up effects induced by plant and aphid hosts that might benefit parasitoids and provide a better understanding of the activity, abundance, and interactions between aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids in plum orchards.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile

Alvarez-Baca

Montealegre

Alfaro-Tapia

et al. 2023

Insects

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“…Yet, PDV can integrate into the host genome using the host integrase enzymes [76]. Host-integrated PDV can suppress the host immune mechanism and alter the host physiology [77][78][79][80][81][82]. PDV can also modulate the host endocrine system and arrest the host metamorphosis.…”

Section: Defensive Response During Parasitoid-induced Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective

Mohan

Sinu

2022

Biol. Lett.

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Bodyguard manipulation is a behavioural manipulation in which the host's behaviour is altered to protect the inducer's offspring from imminent biotic threats. The behaviour of a post-parasitoid-egressed host resembles a quiescence state with a characteristic reduction in motor activities like feeding, locomotion, respiration, and metabolic rate. Yet, they respond aggressively through a defensive response when disturbed, which ensures better fitness for the parasitoid's offspring. The behavioural changes in the parasitized host appear after the parasitoid egression. Several hypotheses have been proposed to elucidate how the parasitized host's behaviour is manipulated for the fitness benefits of the inducers, but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We review evidence to explain the behavioural changes and their mechanism in the parasitized hosts. The evidence suggests that parasitoid pre-pupal egression may drive the host to stress-induced sleep. The elevated octopamine concentration also reflects the stress response in the host. Given the theoretical links between the behavioural and the physiological changes in the post-parasitoid-egressed host and stress-induced sleep of other invertebrates, we suggest that behavioural studies combined with functional genomics, proteomics, and histological analyses might give a better understanding of bodyguard manipulation.

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“…This allows the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a natural enemy of C . glomerata , to locate parasitised caterpillars and complete its lifecycle by oviposition in the parasitoid larvae [ 39 , 40 ]. Likewise, the internal microbiome of the closely related large cabbage white Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is strongly modified after parasitism, especially its bacterial community composition [ 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caterpillars of the small cabbage white Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are known to have altered body odours after parasitism by the koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) [38]. This allows the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a natural enemy of C. glomerata, to locate parasitised caterpillars and complete its lifecycle by oviposition in the parasitoid larvae [39,40]. Likewise, the internal microbiome of the closely related large cabbage white Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) is strongly modified after parasitism, especially its bacterial community composition [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be hypothesized that the attractiveness of parasitised caterpillars to hyperparasitoids derives from changes in caterpillar odours through the production of mVOCs, as suggested by its altered microbiome. To date, experiments on attractiveness of odours of parasitised caterpillars to hyperparasitoids could not pinpoint whether the odours are derived from the caterpillar body or products such as frass, and what role external or internal microbiomes play in the odour profile of parasitised caterpillars [38,40]. To investigate the origin of parasitoid-induced attractiveness to hyperparasitoids we studied the effects of parasitism on the organismal odours and the bacterial microbiome of P. brassicae, while manipulating the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome (including frass).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid

et al. 2023

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Microorganisms living in and on macroorganisms may produce microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs) that characterise organismal odours. The mVOCs might thereby provide a reliable cue to carnivorous enemies in locating their host or prey. Parasitism by parasitoid wasps might alter the microbiome of their caterpillar host, affecting organismal odours and interactions with insects of higher trophic levels such as hyperparasitoids. Hyperparasitoids parasitise larvae or pupae of parasitoids, which are often concealed or inconspicuous. Odours of parasitised caterpillars aid them to locate their host, but the origin of these odours and its relationship to the caterpillar microbiome are unknown. Here, we analysed the odours and microbiome of the large cabbage white caterpillar Pieris brassicae in relation to parasitism by its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. We identified how bacterial presence in and on the caterpillars is correlated with caterpillar odours and tested the attractiveness of parasitised and unparasitised caterpillars to the hyperparasitoid Baryscapus galactopus. We manipulated the presence of the external microbiome and the transient internal microbiome of caterpillars to identify the microbial origin of odours. We found that parasitism by C. glomerata led to the production of five characteristic volatile products and significantly affected the internal and external microbiome of the caterpillar, which were both found to have a significant correlation with caterpillar odours. The preference of the hyperparasitoid was correlated with the presence of the external microbiome. Likely, the changes in external microbiome and body odour after parasitism were driven by the resident internal microbiome of caterpillars, where the bacterium Wolbachia sp. was only present after parasitism. Micro-injection of Wolbachia in unparasitised caterpillars increased hyperparasitoid attraction to the caterpillars compared to untreated caterpillars, while no differences were found compared to parasitised caterpillars. In conclusion, our results indicate that host-parasite interactions can affect multi-trophic interactions and hyperparasitoid olfaction through alterations of the microbiome.

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The Ecology of Hyperparasitoids

Cited by 21 publications

References 135 publications

Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile

Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile

Is direct bodyguard manipulation a parasitoid-induced stress sleep? A new perspective

Parasitism causes changes in caterpillar odours and associated bacterial communities with consequences for host-location by a hyperparasitoid

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