The Economic Benefits of Snowmobiling to Wyoming Residents: A Travel Cost Approach with Market Segmentation

Understanding Differences in Nonmarket Valuation by Angler Specialization Level

“…Net value, often referred to as willingness-to-pay (WTP) or consumer surplus (CS), is defined as the value of the total experience minus total trip expenditures, indicating anglers' benefits from consuming non-tradable fishing services (Edwards, 1990;Huppert, 1983). Although relationships between economic variables and recreation specialization have been discussed in previous outdoor recreation studies (Coupal, Bastian, May, & Taylor, 2001;McFarlane & Boxall, 1996;Virden & Schreyer, 1988), economic valuation has neither been viewed previously from a recreation specialization perspective nor has research sought to integrate expected differences in valuation into the recreation specialization framework. This lack of analysis is perhaps best explained by disciplinary boundaries that have kept cross-fertilization in this area to a minimum.…”

“…Although two recent studies (Coupal et al, 2001;Dalton, Bastian, & Jacobs, 1998) segmented recreational participants to understand WTP differences by sub-group, the former clustered participants using their reasons for participating in the activity while the latter focused on resident and tourist group differences in estimating CS values. Neither study made a connection with the recreation specialization framework, which has been widely used for explaining heterogeneous characteristics among recreationists.…”

Exploring preferences towards the provision of farmland walking trails: A supply and demand perspective

“…The appropriate fraction of wages to use to represent travel time costs is subject of much debate. Coupal et al (2001) calculated the opportunity cost of time as 33 percent of wage rates. Hanley (1989) and Bateman et al (1996) found that using zero percent and 25 percent provided them with the 'best' fit for their data.…”

The efficiency of the Environmental Management Charge in the Cairns management area of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park*

“…In this study, we used socio-economic data (based on Australian postcodes) from the ABS (2006) Census. There are no definitive 'rules' for how best to calculate travel costs: some studies have estimated TC as a function of the distance and the average cost of operating a vehicle per mile or km (Carpio et al 2008;Fleming and Cook 2008); others have included entry fees (Beal 1995a;Prayaga et al 2006), length of trip (Driml 2002;Poor and Smith 2004), the opportunity cost of time (Cesario 1976;Coupal et al 2001;Bin et al 2005) and on-site costs including the cost of food and accommodations (Chen et al 2004;Herath and Kennedy 2004). Arguably, some of the most difficult issues confronting applied travel cost researchers are how to measure the opportunity cost of time and how to deal with multiple-site visitors.…”

“…• One can try to estimate the opportunity cost of time, for example, using some fraction of the wage rate (Cesario 1976;Coupal et al 2001;Bin et al 2005); or • One can ignore the opportunity cost of time altogether (Beal 1995c;Whitten and Bennett 2002;Prayaga et al 2006;Fleming and Cook 2008).…”