The Economic Challenges of Dealing with Citrus Greening: The Case of Florida

Singerman, Ariel; Rogers, Michael E.

doi:10.1093/jipm/pmz037

Cited by 99 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The intensifying insecticide application also creates environmental and public health concerns and side-effects to specific fauna, as the arthropod (Monzo and Stansly, 2017). Singerman and Page (2016) indicated that CHMAs enhance grower's profitability when all growers involved participated in the program.…”

Section: Huanglongbing Control and Mitigation Of Its Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review

et al. 2019

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Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is the most severe citrus disease, currently devastating the citrus industry worldwide. The presumed causal bacterial agent Candidatus Liberibacter spp. affects tree health as well as fruit development, ripening and quality of citrus fruits and juice. Fruit from infected orange trees can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Symptomatic oranges are small, asymmetrical and greener than healthy fruit. Furthermore, symptomatic oranges show higher titratable acidity and lower soluble solids, solids/acids ratio, total sugars, and malic acid levels. Among flavor volatiles, ethyl butanoate, valencene, decanal and other ethyl esters are lower, but many monoterpenes are higher in symptomatic fruit compared to healthy and asymptomatic fruit. The disease also causes an increase in secondary metabolites in the orange peel and pulp, including hydroxycinnamic acids, limonin, nomilin, narirutin, and hesperidin. Resulting from these chemical changes, juice made from symptomatic fruit is described as distinctly bitter, sour, salty/umami, metallic, musty, and lacking in sweetness and fruity/orange flavor. Those effects are reported in both Valencia and Hamlin oranges, two cultivars that are commercially processed for juice in Florida. The changes in the juice are reflective of a decrease in quality of the fresh fruit, although not all fresh fruit varieties have been tested. Earlier research showed that HLB-induced off-flavor was not detectable in juice made with up to 25% symptomatic fruit in healthy juice, by chemical or sensory analysis. However, a blend with a higher proportion of symptomatic juice would present a detectable and recognizable off flavor. In some production regions, such as Florida in the United States, it is increasingly difficult to find fruit not showing HLB symptoms. This review analyzes and discusses the effects of HLB on orange juice quality in order to help the citrus industry manage the quality of orange juice, and guide future research needs.

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Section: Huanglongbing Control and Mitigation Of Its Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review

et al. 2019

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“…The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae (del Guercio, 1918; Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a natural vector of the phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium Candidatus liberibacter spp., the putative causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or “citrus greening disease” [ 11 , 12 ]. HLB is an incurable disease that caused losses of up to 74% in citrus production in Florida, USA [ 13 ]. Trioza erytreae was detected in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula in 2014 [ 14 ], although it was present in Madeira and the Canary Islands by 1994 and 2002, respectively [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model to Predict the Expansion of Trioza erytreae throughout the Iberian Peninsula Using a Pest Risk Analysis Approach

Benhadi‐Marín

Fereres

Pereira

2020

Insects

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Assessing the potential of spread of an introduced crop pest in a new country is crucial to anticipating its effects on crop production and deriving phytosanitary management toward reducing potential negative effects. Citrus production represents a key agricultural activity throughout the Mediterranean basin. The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae (del Guercio, 1918) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a natural vector of Candidatusliberibacter spp., the causal agent of the harmful disease huanglongbing (HLB) or “citrus greening disease”. In continental Europe, T. erytreae was detected for the first time in northwestern Spain in 2014. Pest risk analysis (PRA) approaches, such as modeling, consider both time and space components to predict the potential distribution of pests in a given region. In this work, we aim to parameterize a model able to predict the expected spread of T. erytreae in the Iberian Peninsula using three types of PRA models. The kernel model with two hypothetical entry points accurately predicted the distribution of T. erytreae with respect to latitude. This model should be further refined and validated to support decision-makers in the adoption of timely and successful management and regulatory measures against the spread of T. erytreae to other citrus-producing areas in Europe.

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“…Also known as the Asian citrus psyllid, D. citri is a hemipteran insect pest and serves as a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter species that cause Huanglongbing, or citrus greening disease, in all types of commercially cultivated citrus (28). This disease represents the greatest threat to the citrus industry worldwide and has devastated many citrus-growing regions, such as in the U.S. state of Florida, where citrus production has decreased by 74% since the first report of citrus greening disease in the state in 2005 (29). Control strategies for the disease are limited and primarily involve removal of infected trees and management of D. citri populations with chemical insecticides (30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Viral Element-Derived Piwi-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs) Are Not Required for Production of Ping-Pong-Dependent piRNAs from Diaphorina citri Densovirus

Nigg

Kuo

Falk

2020

mBio

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Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small RNAs primarily responsible for silencing transposons in the animal germ line. The ping-pong cycle, the posttranscriptional silencing branch of the piRNA pathway, relies on piRNAs produced from endogenous transposon remnants to direct cleavage of transposon RNA via association with Piwi-family Argonaute proteins. In some mosquito species and mosquito-derived cell lines expressing a functionally expanded group of Piwi-family Argonaute proteins, both RNA and DNA viruses are targeted by piRNAs in a manner thought to involve direct processing of exogenous viral RNA into piRNAs. Whether viruses are targeted by piRNAs in nonmosquito species is unknown. Partial integrations of DNA and nonretroviral RNA virus genomes, termed endogenous viral elements (EVEs), are abundant in arthropod genomes and often produce piRNAs that are speculated to target cognate viruses through the ping-pong cycle. Here, we describe a Diaphorina citri densovirus (DcDV)-derived EVE in the genome of Diaphorina citri. We found that this EVE gives rise to DcDV-specific primary piRNAs and is unevenly distributed among D. citri populations. Unexpectedly, we found that DcDV is targeted by ping-pong-dependent virus-derived piRNAs (vpiRNAs) in D. citri lacking the DcDV-derived EVE, while four naturally infecting RNA viruses of D. citri are not targeted by vpiRNAs. Furthermore, a recombinant Cricket paralysis virus containing a portion of the DcDV genome corresponding to the DcDV-derived EVE was not targeted by vpiRNAs during infection in D. citri harboring the EVE. These results demonstrate that viruses can be targeted by piRNAs in a nonmosquito species independently of endogenous piRNAs. IMPORTANCE Small RNAs serve as specificity determinants of antiviral responses in insects. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of small RNAs found in animals, and their primary role is to direct antitransposon responses. These responses require endogenous piRNAs complementary to transposon RNA. Additionally, piRNAs have been shown to target RNA and DNA viruses in some mosquito species. In contrast to transposons, targeting of viruses by the piRNA pathway in these mosquito species does not require endogenous piRNAs. Here, we show that piRNAs target a DNA virus, but not RNA viruses, in an agricultural insect pest. We found that targeting of this DNA virus did not require endogenous piRNAs and that endogenous piRNAs did not mediate targeting of an RNA virus with which they shared complementary sequence. Our results highlight differences between mosquitoes and our experimental system and raise the possibility that DNA viruses may be targeted by piRNAs in other species.

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The Economic Challenges of Dealing with Citrus Greening: The Case of Florida

Cited by 99 publications

References 48 publications

Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review

Effect of Huanglongbing or Greening Disease on Orange Juice Quality, a Review

A Model to Predict the Expansion of Trioza erytreae throughout the Iberian Peninsula Using a Pest Risk Analysis Approach

Endogenous Viral Element-Derived Piwi-Interacting RNAs (piRNAs) Are Not Required for Production of Ping-Pong-Dependent piRNAs from Diaphorina citri Densovirus

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