The EEG signal: a window on the cortical brain activity

Abstract

The accurate assessment of the depth of anesthesia, allowing a more accurate adaptation of the doses of hypnotics, is an important end point for the anesthesiologist. It is a particularly crucial issue in pediatric anesthesia, in the context of the recent controversies about the potential neurological consequences of the main anesthetic drugs on the developing brain. The electroencephalogram signal reflects the electrical activity of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. It is thus the key to assessment of the level of hypnosis. Beyond visual analysis, several monitoring devices allow an automated treatment of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal, combining time and frequency domain analysis. Each of these monitors focuses on a specific combination of characteristics of the signal and provides the clinician with useful information that remains, however, partial. For a comprehensive approach of the EEG-derived indices, the main features of the normal EEG, in adults and children, will be presented in the awake state and during sleep. Age-related modifications accompanying cerebral maturation during infancy and childhood will be detailed. Then, this review will provide an update on how anesthetic drugs, particularly hypnotics, influence the EEG signal, and how the main available monitors analyze these drug-induced modifications. The relationships between pain, memory, and the EEG will be discussed. Finally, this review will focus on some specific EEG features such as the electrical epileptoid activity observed under sevoflurane anesthesia. The EEG signal is the best window we have on cortical brain activity and provides a fair pharmacodynamic feedback of the effects of hypnotics. However, the cortex is only one of several targets of anesthesia. Hypnotics and opiates, have also subcortical primary targets, and the EEG performances in the evaluation or prediction of nociception are poor. Monitoring subcortical structures in combination with the EEG might in the future allow a better evaluation and a more precise adaptation of balanced anesthesia.

Electroencephalography and analgesics

“…The rationale for the division of oscillations enables detailed interpretation of the brain regions being activated and how they are altered by analgesics . A schematic illustration of the generation of oscillations is given in Figure .…”

Average spectral power changes at the hippocampal electroencephalogram in schizophrenia model induced by ketamine

“…The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the graphic registry of the electrical activity of the brain . It is based on a mathematical process called the fast Fourier transform (FFT), which separates a complex sinusoidal wave into a sum of simple wave forms of specific frequency and voltage . Thus, brain rhythms can be used as biomarkers of physiological and pathological states of rest and activity.…”

Altered Frequency Distribution in the Electroencephalogram is Correlated to the Analgesic Effect of Remifentanil

“…Likewise, Schlereth et al [28] found a left-hemisphere dominance in early sensory-discriminative dimensions of nociceptive pain processing (particular in left frontal operculum and adjacent dorsal insula). However, most studies have been conducted with higher doses, and it has been postulated that opioids only affect the EEG in high doses [29]. In this study, remifentanil induced alterations even after a low dose of remifentanil.…”