“…Currently, most commercial polyols are derived from petrochemicals; however, concerns about environmental pollution and regulations have led to an interest in using sustainable resources to replace petroleum-based polyols [ 8 ]. The most common sustainable bio-based materials are vegetable oils, polysaccharides, cellulose, lignocellulose, and starch [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Among them, vegetable oils have attracted considerable attention as an alternative to petroleum-based commercial polyols because of their abundance, price competitiveness, low toxicity, inherent bio-degradability, and ease of extraction from bio-renewable resources such as castor [ 17 ], soybean [ 18 ], canola seeds [ 19 ], sunflower [ 20 ], grapeseed [ 21 ], palm [ 22 ], and others [ 23 ].…”