The effect of a large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Southwest Edinburgh on acute and critical care services

Irons, J.; Dunn, Mjg J. G.; Kefala, Kallirroi; Thorn, SN; Lakha, Fatim; Caesar, David Laksamana; Cameron, Dale R.; McCormick, Duncan; McCallum, Alison; Helgason, Ko O.; Laurenson, IF; Paterson, R; Greening, A P; Fried, Michael; Hill, AT; Hanson, Mary; Gillies, Ma A.

doi:10.1093/qjmed/hct167

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Our data captured some of these, such as the community outbreak that occurred in Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal in 2014 [23], the community outbreak in Edinburgh, UK in 2012 [21] or the travel-associated outbreak in Calp, Spain in 2012 [20]. With the notable exception of the Vila Franca de Xira outbreak, the number of cases reported associated with these clusters only accounted for a small proportion of the cases reported at the country level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionnaires’ disease in Europe, 2011 to 2015

2017

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Under the coordination of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), the European Legionnaires’ disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet) conducts surveillance of Legionnaires’ disease (LD) in Europe. Between 2011 and 2015, 29 countries reported 30,532 LD cases to ECDC (28,188 (92.3%) confirmed and 2,344 (7.7%) probable). Four countries (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) accounted for 70.3% of all reported cases, although their combined populations represented only 49.9% of the study population. The age-standardised rate of all cases increased from 0.97 cases/100,000 population in 2011 to 1.30 cases/100,000 population in 2015, corresponding to an annual average increase of 0.09 cases/100,000 population (95%CI 0.02–0.14; p = 0.02). Demographics and infection setting remained unchanged with ca 70% of cases being community-acquired and 80% occurring in people aged 50 years and older. Clinical outcome was known for 23,164 cases, of whom 2,161 (9.3%) died. The overall case fatality ratio decreased steadily from 10.5% in 2011 to 8.1% in 2015, probably reflecting improved reporting completeness. Five countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, and Norway) had increasing age-standardised LD notification rates over the 2011−15 period, but there was no increase in notification rates in countries where the 2011 rate was below 0.5/100,000 population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionnaires’ disease in Europe, 2011 to 2015

2017

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“…The prevalence of diabetes, HIV infection, and alcoholism among patients in the outbreak was higher than in other large community outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease. [23][24][25][26][27] Per the American Community Survey, 41% of the estimated 360 000 residents in the outbreak zone had incomes below the federal poverty level. 28 Compared with residents in the rest of New York City, residents in the outbreak zone had a higher prevalence of self-reported diabetes (17% vs 11%) and asthma (20% vs 12%), 29 and the proportion living with HIV/AIDS was nearly double that of New York City (2.6% vs 1.4%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Large Community Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated With a Cooling Tower in New York City, 2015

et al. 2017

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“…The Materials and methods section of this paper outlines the derived model and the procedures used to estimate the parameters and their uncertainty. The following section describes the results of applying these to data from the 2012 Edinburgh Legionnaires’ disease outbreak which had 61 confirmed or probable cases, including 4 deaths (Irons et al [30]). The paper concludes with a discussion on possible further improvements to the model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion of Legionella bacteria in atmosphere: A practical source location estimation method

et al. 2019

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Legionnaires’ disease, a form of pneumonia which can be fatal, is transmitted via the inhalation of water droplets containing Legionella bacteria. These droplets can be dispersed in the atmosphere several kilometers from their source. The most common such sources are contaminated water within cooling towers and other air-conditioning systems but other sources such as ornamental fountains and spa pools have also caused outbreaks of the disease in the past. There is an obvious need to locate and eliminate any such sources as quickly as possible. Here a maximum likelihood model estimating the source of an outbreak from case location data has been developed and implemented. Unlike previous models, the average dose exposure sub-model is formulated using a atmospheric dispersion model. How the uncertainty in inferred parameters can be estimated is discussed. The model is applied to the 2012 Edinburgh Legionnaires’ disease outbreak.

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The effect of a large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Southwest Edinburgh on acute and critical care services

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Legionnaires’ disease in Europe, 2011 to 2015

Legionnaires’ disease in Europe, 2011 to 2015

A Large Community Outbreak of Legionnaires’ Disease Associated With a Cooling Tower in New York City, 2015

Dispersion of Legionella bacteria in atmosphere: A practical source location estimation method

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