The effect of adherence to immunosuppressant therapy on gastrointestinal complications after liver transplantation

Organoids as regenerative medicine for inflammatory bowel disease

“…This response may be lessened or avoided with the co-administration of immunosuppressive drugs; however, prolonged immunosuppression may on the other hand give rise to a series of issues. 99 , 100 Furthermore, due to differences in the genetic make-up of donor cells, transplantation may harbor a genetic disposition to cancer or other ailments considered to be potentially harmful to the recipient. Additionally, in vitro culturing of stem cells has been shown to carry a greater risk of point-mutations compared to in vivo mutational rates 101 – a concern relevant to all types of cellular therapies.…”

Immunomodulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Transplantation: Status and Prospects

“…Recently, great strides have been made in LT with the advances of the imaging techniques such as contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and computed tomography, together with interventional therapy [2,3]. Nevertheless, a large number of patients show immune rejection after LT and have to take a longterm administration of immunosuppressive agents, such as calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus), antimetabolite inhibitors (e.g., azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil), and corticosteroids [4][5][6]. These agents often lead to various adverse events such as nephrotoxicity, metabolic disorders, and primary malignancies [7].…”