The effect of age and gender on the volume and size distribution of neocortical neurons

Stark, A.K.; Toft, Mette; Pakkenberg, H.; Fabricius, Katrine; Eriksen, Nina; Pelvig, Dorte P.; Møller, Mette; Pakkenberg, Bente

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.062

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…While a stereologic study in human cortical regions did show a higher neuronal number in men [63], these results may not be related to changes in the hippocampus. Since the size of our samples of males and females was small, our results should be taken with caution in this regard and conWrmed in a larger cohort.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia

et al. 2008

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Structural magnetic resonance imaging and postmortem studies showed volume loss in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. The noted tissue reduction in the posterior section suggests that some cellular subfractions within this structure might be reduced in schizophrenia. To address this, we investigated numbers and densities of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the posterior hippocampal subregions in postmortem brains from ten patients with schizophrenia and ten matched controls using design-based stereology performed on Nissl-stained sections. Compared to the controls, the patients with schizophrenia showed a signiWcant decrease in the mean number of oligodendrocytes in the left and right CA4. This is the Wrst Wnding of reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes in CA4 of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Our results are in line with earlier Wndings in the literature concerning decreased numbers of oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Our results may indicate disturbed connectivity of the CA4 of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia and, thus, contribute to the growing number of studies showing the involvement of posterior hippocampal pathology in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia

et al. 2008

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“…Additionally, studies have shown ventricular enlargement in the temporal horn is associated with worse performance on gait parameters, including stride time variability and gait speed . Notably, across the life‐span women experience faster perikaryon volumetic decline in the temporal lobe than men . It also appears that women are more susceptible to the effects of neuropathology than men .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral Amyloid Deposition Is Associated with Gait Parameters in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging

Wennberg

Savica

Hagen

et al. 2016

J American Geriatrics Society

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To determine the cross-sectional association between cerebral amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and gait. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Population-based cohort study in Olmsted County, MN. PARTICIPANTS Cognitively normal individuals (n=611), aged 50-69 years, enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with concurrent PiB-PET imaging and gait assessment. Participants with a history of stroke, alcoholism, Parkinson’s disease, subdural hematoma, traumatic brain injury, or normal pressure hydrocephalus were excluded. MEASUREMENTS PiB-PET SUVR was measured in prefrontal, orbitofrontal, parietal, temporal, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and motor-specific regions of interest (ROIs). Gait parameters (speed, cadence, stride length, double support time, and intra-individual stance time variability) were measured using GAITRite® instrumentation. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, education, APOE ε4 allele, Charlson comorbidity index, and depression. In secondary analyses, we additionally adjusted for neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume, FDG PET SUVR, and cortical thickness) in AD-associated regions. RESULTS In fully adjusted models including neuroimaging measures of neurodegeneration, higher PiB-PET SUVR across all ROIs was associated with slower gait speed (P < .05 except for the parietal ROI), lower cadence and longer double support time (P ≤ .05 except for the motor ROI), and greater stance time variability (P < .05). In sex-stratified analyses, the association between higher PiB-PET SUVR across all ROIs and measures of gait was only present among women. CONCLUSION PiB-PET SUVR across ROIs, independent of general measures of AD-associated neurodegeneration, is associated with poorer performance on multiple gait parameters among cognitively normal women, aged 50-69 years. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether Aβ predicts gait decline in both women and men.

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“…Specifically, dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons and the number of synapses in higher-order association areas of the neocortex and hippocampus progressively deteriorate after ∼50 y of age (32)(33)(34). Neuronal perikarya in the cerebral cortex also shrink in volume over the course of adulthood in humans (35). Healthy brain aging, however, is not accompanied by substantial loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex of humans or other primates (8,(36)(37)(38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees

Sherwood

Gordon²,

Allen

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

106

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Several biological changes characterize normal brain aging in humans. Although some of these age-associated neural alterations are also found in other species, overt volumetric decline of particular brain structures, such as the hippocampus and frontal lobe, has only been observed in humans. However, comparable data on the effects of aging on regional brain volumes have not previously been available from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. In this study, we used MRI to measure the volume of the whole brain, total neocortical gray matter, total neocortical white matter, frontal lobe gray matter, frontal lobe white matter, and the hippocampus in a cross-sectional sample of 99 chimpanzee brains encompassing the adult lifespan from 10 to 51 y of age. We compared these data to brain structure volumes measured in 87 adult humans from 22 to 88 y of age. In contrast to humans, who showed a decrease in the volume of all brain structures over the lifespan, chimpanzees did not display significant age-related changes. Using an iterative age-range reduction procedure, we found that the significant aging effects in humans were because of the leverage of individuals that were older than the maximum longevity of chimpanzees. Thus, we conclude that the increased magnitude of brain structure shrinkage in human aging is evolutionarily novel and the result of an extended lifespan.

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The effect of age and gender on the volume and size distribution of neocortical neurons

Cited by 34 publications

References 23 publications

Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia

Stereologic investigation of the posterior part of the hippocampus in schizophrenia

Cerebral Amyloid Deposition Is Associated with Gait Parameters in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging

Aging of the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees

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