The effect of age of second language acquisition on the representation and processing of second language words

Silverberg, Stu; Samuel, Arthur G.

doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.05.003

Cited by 118 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…The exact mechanism of the asymmetry in native and non-native language processing remains unknown; however, language proficiency may be an important mediator. Previous research confirms that highly proficient late bilinguals exhibit formpriming from the non-native language into the native language, while less proficient late bilinguals do not (Silverberg and Samuel 2004). Similarly, Van Hell and Dijkstra (2002) found that Dutch-English-French trilinguals responded faster in a native-language lexical decision task when stimuli shared form and meaning (i.e., were cognates) with a word in their more proficient non-native language, but not when the stimuli were cognates with a word in their less proficient non-native language.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…For example, studies of masked phonological priming revealed facilitative interlingual homophone priming from both the native to the non-native language, and from the non-native to the native language, and the magnitude of interlingual priming was similar to the magnitude of within-language priming (e.g., Brysbaert et al 1999;Van Wijnendaele and Brysbaert 2002). In contrast, form primes in the non-native language inhibited target words in the native language (e.g., Silverberg and Samuel 2004); and native-language words inhibited lexical decision in the non-native language (e.g., Dijkstra et al 1999;Nas 1983). These differences in results are likely due to variability in experimental tasks rather than in organization of the bilingual system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity to Phonological Similarity Within and Across Languages

Marian

Blumenfeld

Boukrina

2007

J Psycholinguist Res

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The influence of phonological similarity on bilingual language processing was examined within and across languages in three experiments. Phonological similarity was manipulated within a language by varying neighborhood density, and across languages by varying extent of cross-linguistic overlap between native and non-native languages. In Experiment 1, speed and accuracy of bilinguals' picture naming were susceptible to phonological neighborhood density in both the first and the second language. In Experiment 2, eye-movement patterns indicated that the time-course of language activation varied across phonological neighborhood densities and across native/non-native language status. In Experiment 3, speed and accuracy of bilingual performance in an auditory lexical decision task were influenced by degree of cross-linguistic phonological overlap. Together, the three experiments confirm that bilinguals are sensitive to phonological similarity within and across languages and suggest that this sensitivity is asymmetrical across native and non-native languages and varies along the timecourse of word processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity to Phonological Similarity Within and Across Languages

Marian

Blumenfeld

Boukrina

2007

J Psycholinguist Res

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“…According to Silverberg and Samuel (2004), the age of acquisition of an additional language can play an important role in the organization of the mental lexicon such that only early learners (acquisition prior to the age of 7) possess a shared conceptual/semantic store for both languages (L1 and L2) whereas those of proficient late learners remain separate, making conceptual mediation in the second learned language (L2) impossible without translating it into the first learned language (L1). Although their conceptual stores remain unconnected, proficient late learners possess a shared lexical store for both languages where similar lexical forms compete with each other independent of language (Silverberg & Samuel, 2004). Thus regardless of high proficiency in L2, the organization of the late learners' bilingual memory can never resemble that of an early bilingual.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of false memories in bilingual children and adults☆

Howe

Gagnon

Thouas

2008

Journal of Memory and Language

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This is the accepted version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link AbstractThe effects of within-versus between-languages (English-French) study and test on rates of bilingual children's and adults' true and false memories were examined. Children aged 6 through 12 and university-aged adults participated in a standard Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory task using free recall and recognition. Recall results showed that: (1) both true and false memories increased with age, (2) true recall was higher in within-than between-languages conditions for all ages, and (3) there were fewer false memories in between-languages conditions than within-language conditions for the youngest children, no differences for the 8-and 12-yearolds, and by adulthood, there were more false memories in between-languages than withinlanguage conditions. Recognition results showed that regardless of age, false recognition rates tended to be higher in between-languages than within-language conditions. These findings are discussed in the context of models of false memory development.Keywords: DRM paradigm, false memories, bilingual memory, memory development, children's false memory. Development of False Memories in Bilingual Children and AdultsPast studies using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959;Roediger & McDermott, 1995) have demonstrated that young children may be less susceptible to false memories than adults (Brainerd, Reyna, & Forrest, 2002;Howe, 2005Howe, , 2006 Howe, Cicchetti, Toth, & Cerrito, 2004; but see Ghetti, Qin, & Goodman, 2002). Theoretical explanations such as fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) have attempted to account for these findings by suggesting that both verbatim and gist traces are encoded during list presentation (Brainerd & Reyna, 2005). These traces are qualitatively different from each other where the former is concerned with item-specific surface information and the latter with meaning-based information. It is this gist trace that is thought to be responsible for false recall in the DRM paradigm. Although young children are capable of extracting these types of traces, the ability to do so improves with age and cognitive development into later childhood and early adulthood (Brainerd & Reyna, 2005).An alternative, associative-activation model (e.g., Howe, 2005Howe, , 2006, in press) argues that developmental trends in false memories occurs not just because of correlated changes in children's meaning extraction skills (i.e., growth in knowledge base) but also because of increased automaticity in the activation and accessibility of those concepts and associations in the child's knowledge base. These increases in automaticity are brought about by additional exposure and proficiency using these concepts as well as the associations between related concepts. As exposure and proficiency increases, so too does the automaticity of activation of concepts and their associative links, making false memory production more and more ad...

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“…Bilingual research finds that the architecture of the bilingual lexicon and lexical retrieval processes may be different for early and late bilinguals (Silverberg & Samuel, 2004;Finkbeiner, Forster, Nicol, & Nakamura, 2004). Elgort's experiment had both early bilinguals (who started learning English before or at the age of 7) and late bilinguals (who started learning English after 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The representation of newly learned words in the mental lexicon

Qiao¹

2009

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The effect of age of second language acquisition on the representation and processing of second language words

Cited by 118 publications

References 41 publications

Sensitivity to Phonological Similarity Within and Across Languages

Sensitivity to Phonological Similarity Within and Across Languages

Development of false memories in bilingual children and adults☆

The representation of newly learned words in the mental lexicon

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