The effect of an 8% cocoa bean extract gel on the healing of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction in Wistar rats

Abstract

Background: Alveolar osteitis is a well-known complication that occurs following a tooth extraction when the clot within the socket breaks down too early, causing increased localised inflammation and extreme pain. Alveolar osteitis delays the wound healing process of the socket. The polyphenols in the cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) can stimulate the wound healing process. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an 8% cocoa bean extract gel on the healing of alveolar osteitis following a tooth extraction. Methods: This study is an in vivo experiment with a posttest-only control group design. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a negative control, positive control and an 8% cocoa bean extract gel. A tooth extraction was performed on the mandibular incisor, and alveolar osteitis was induced by the application of adrenaline using a paper point on the socket. On the 3rd, 7th and 14th days, the clinical wound size of the extraction socket was measured, and the rats were sacrificed to observe the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and osteoblasts microscopically. A two-way analysis of variance test and post hoc least significant difference test were used to analyse the data (p < 0.05). Results: The data analysis showed a significant difference in the clinical wound size of the extraction socket and the number of macrophages, fibroblasts and osteoblasts between the 8% cocoa bean extract gel and the control groups (p = 0.000). Conclusion: An 8% cocoa bean extract gel stimulates the healing of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction in Wistar rats.

The role of purple leaves extract (Graptophyllum Pictum (L.) Griff) on the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in the socket after tooth extraction

“…By preventing the migration of inflammatory cells, it could inhibit the release of proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. 21,22 t On the contrary, it could increase the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, [21][22][23][24] which have the potential to stimulate the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), bFGF, PDGF, and VEGF, which play a role in inducing epithelial cells and fibroblasts and increasing migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, thereby stimulating the growth of new blood vessels. The formation of fibroblasts affects the formation of new connective tissue and provides strength to produce a good healing process.…”

“…21 This binding was via the ERK 1/2 and JNK signaling pathways that were members of the MAPK4 superfamily. Through this signaling pathway, macrophages could activate the transcription factor NFkB to decrease the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ 22,24 and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. The release of growth factors such as TGF-β have pro-angiogenic effects on endothelial cells.…”

The Effect of Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extract on Dry Socket Wound Healing: TGF-β1 Expression in Rats Model

“…17 Next, dry socket induction was performed by applying intraalveolar epinephrine 1:1000 with a paper point for one minute. 19 The process of orally administering snakehead fish extract involved immobilizing the rat's neck using two fingers. Following this, a specialized oral gavage needle containing a suitable amount of snakehead fish extract was inserted through the mouth and guided along the palate towards the rear until reaching the esophagus.…”

“…Its mechanism of action involves binding to TGF-β1, delivering it to the wound area, and releasing it slowly. Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of albumin in different types of wounds 4645 and patient conditions [19][20][21]. Albumin can activate the TGF-β1 signaling pathway in cells, which triggers the production of TGF-β1.…”