The effect of antimony on internal oxidation and magnetic properties of Si-Al electrical steels

Lyudkovsky, G.

doi:10.1109/tmag.1986.1064606

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Thus, Sb and B additions appear to decrease the amount of oxidation. This is in agreement with earlier work that proposed that the addition of Sb [32,33] and B [34] can suppress the internal oxidation of alloying elements due to their high segregation enthalpy. [35,36] Figure 15 shows the surface morphology for these four specimens; it can be seen that surface oxides appear to be more uniform on specimen 4, in which both B and Sb are present, and EDS results indicate that the ridges are rich in Mn, O, and P. Another important feature is that the grainboundary ridges are composed of coarse ridges and thin ridges.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…One study indicates that the formation of MnSiO 3 is preferable to SiO 2 or Mn 2 SiO 4 for minimizing bare spots. [18] Finally, alloying elements such as antimony and phosphorous are known to segregate to the grain boundaries [4][5][6]19] or surfaces [20,21] and, thus, offer the potential for controlling the transport properties; this, however, has not been explored.…”

Section: Interstitial-free (If) Steel Is a Reasonablymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels

Zhang

Sohn

Pettit

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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The present study is an investigation of the surface and subsurface oxidation of Mn solidsolution-strengthened interstitial-free (IF) steels with the objective of elucidating the surface evolution before coating. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was carried out under 95 vol pct Ar + 5 vol pct (H 2 + H 2 O) atmospheres with P H 2 O =P H 2 ranging from 0.01 to 0.13 and temperatures ranging from 800°C to 843°C. Post-exposure characterization was carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and glancing-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the external and internal oxide evolution. The oxidation proceeds as a combination of the internal and external formation of Mn oxides. Decreasing the P H 2 O =P H 2 ratios or temperature has the effect of decreasing the amount of oxidation, which is a combination of internal and external oxidation controlled by solid-state oxygen and manganese diffusion, respectively. External oxides are not continuous; they are instead concentrated near the intersection of alloy grain boundaries with the external surface. Internal oxides are concentrated along the grain boundaries. The effects of Sb (0.03 wt pct), B (10 ppm), P (0.04 and 0.08 wt pct), and Si (0.06 to 1.5 wt pct) on the oxidation were investigated. It is found that small amounts of Sb and B have a significant effect on decreasing both the external and internal oxidation, whereas Si and P increase the external and internal oxidation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Interstitial-free (If) Steel Is a Reasonablymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels

Zhang

Sohn

Pettit

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…[13,31,32] The segregated Sb layer on the surface and grain boundaries could thus block the outward diffusion of Mn or the inward diffusion of O. The internal oxidation and decarburization could thereby be suppressed.…”

Section: E Effect Of Sb On Weight Change Of Trip Steelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31] In an earlier article, [13] it was reported that an Sb addition can suppress both external and internal oxidation due to a decrease in the local oxygen partial pressure by the oxidation of Sb under P H 2 O =P H 2 ¼ 0:13. With further decreasing water vapor content, Sb may be present as a metal layer on the steel surface, because Sb is a nobler metal than Fe, which is likely to occupy absorption surface sites to suppress the oxygen permeability and outward diffusion of metal cations.…”

Section: G Effect Of Water Vapor Content On Weight Change Of Trip Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With further decreasing water vapor content, Sb may be present as a metal layer on the steel surface, because Sb is a nobler metal than Fe, which is likely to occupy absorption surface sites to suppress the oxygen permeability and outward diffusion of metal cations. [31,32] In the initial stage, chemical reaction occurring on the surface is the controlling step, and the decarburization is suppressed due to the presence of Sb. The TG curves, therefore, show a weight increase due to the dominance of the rapid rate of oxidation over the rate of decarburization.…”

Section: G Effect Of Water Vapor Content On Weight Change Of Trip Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the Effect of Alloying Elements and Water Vapor Contents on the Oxidation and Decarburization of Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steels

Zhang

Sohn

Pettit

et al. 2009

Metall Mater Trans B

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The present research deals with an investigation of the effect of alloying element additions (Si, P, and Sb) and water vapor content P H 2 O =P H 2 ¼ 0:01 to 0:13 ð Þ on the oxidation and decarburization behavior of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels in a gas mixture of 95 vol pct argon and 5 vol pct hydrogen/steam, by thermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation proceeds primarily as an internal oxidation front in the TRIP steels, but a thin external scale on the order of a micrometer thickness exists and is comprised primarily of fayalite ((Mn,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) and ((MnO) x (FeO) 1Àx . The oxidation products are distributed near the surface and along grain boundaries. A comparison between calculated and measured oxidation curves indicated that the oxidation and decarburization are independent. The results for TRIP steels, both with and without an Sb addition, indicate that increasing Si and P contents accelerate, whereas Sb addition suppresses, both decarburization and oxidation rates. Water vapor content has no obvious effect on decarburization but has a pronounced effect on oxidation, and decreasing water vapor content decreases the oxidation rates.

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Orientation dependent surface segregation of antimony on non‐oriented electrical steel sheet

et al. 1994

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The surface segregation of antimony was studied using AES on a 1.8% Si steel alloyed with different mass contents of Sb (0.052 and 0.1 %). The dependence of surface segregation on grain orientation and on the presence of other solute atoms (S, P, C, Al, Si) were investigated under UHV conditions in the temperature range from 450 to 900 °C. The results lead to an explanation for the formation of a texture rich in (100)-grains in Si steel caused by the presence of Sb. Also grain boundaries were analysed by AES after annealing at 850, 700 and 550 °C for different times. Since the grain boundary segregation was negligible one can conclude that the texture formation results from orientation dependent surface segregation of Sb causing differences in surface energies and stabilities of different grains.Orlentierungsabhiinglge Oberflachensegregatlon von Antimon auf niclit orlentiertem Elektroblech. Die Oberflachensegregation von Antimon wurde mittels AES auf einem 1,8%Si-Stahl untersucht, der mil verschiedenen Massengehalten an Sb (0,052 und 0, 1 %) dotiert war. Abhangigkeiten der Segregation von den Orientierungen der Kornoberflachen und von der Anwesenheit anderer geloster Atome (S, P, C, Al, Si) wurden unter UHV-Bedingungen im Temperaturbereich von 450 bis 900 °C bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse !Ohren zu einer Erklarung der Bildung einer an (100)-Kornern reichen Textur bei Si-Stahlen , die durch die Dotierung mit .. Sb bewirkt wird. Auch Korngrenzen wurden mil AES analysiert, nachdem die Proben bei 850, 700 und 550 °C fur verschiedene Zeit ausgelagert warden waren. Da kaum Korngrenzensegregation feststellbar war, kann man daraus schlieBen, daB die Texturausbildung durch orientierungsabhangige Oberflachensegregation des Sb bedingt isl, die zu Unterschieden in den Oberflachenenergien und der Stabilitat der verschiedenen Korner !Ohrt.

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The effect of antimony on internal oxidation and magnetic properties of Si-Al electrical steels

Cited by 21 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels

Effect of Alloying Elements, Water Vapor Content, and Temperature on the Oxidation of Interstitial-Free Steels

Investigation of the Effect of Alloying Elements and Water Vapor Contents on the Oxidation and Decarburization of Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steels

Orientation dependent surface segregation of antimony on non‐oriented electrical steel sheet

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