Liquid-infused
polymeric surfaces have demonstrated promising icephobicity.
However, the capability to maintain the icephobic performance after
material damage has been a challenge, both in terms of conserving
a smoother surface and the replenishment of the infused liquid. Cetacean
skin possesses a microscopically smooth texture in the form of cells
lubricated with lipid proteins and consists of structural fibers that
ensure durability. Concerning the structure of cetacean skin, glycerol-infused
fiber-reinforced polyurethane (GIFRP) coatings were proposed. Instead
of hosting the lipid proteins, the coatings were infused with glycerol,
a known cryoprotectant to induce the supercooling of water, a strategy
inspired by wood frogs and red flat dark beetles to prevent freezing.
The inclusion of glycerol delayed water droplet freezing duration
by 659%, while negligible frost accumulated on the fabricated coatings
during anti-icing tests. The reinforcement of fibers was effective
and the surface damage was reduced by a factor of 4, compared to the
pure polyurethane coatings after erosion impact. The incorporation
of fibers has proven to be beneficial for infused-liquid replenishment
and the slow-releasing capabilities of GIFRP coatings. Minimized surface
deterioration and the continued presence of glycerol on GIFRP coatings
demonstrated a small increase in ice adhesion from 0.22 to 0.77 kPa
after the erosion tests, one of the lowest values reported in the
literature after substantial surface damage. The concept inspired
by cetacean skin and the cryoprotective features of chionophiles was
instrumental in keeping the ice adhesion under 1 kPa after erosion
impact.