The Effect of Biomaterials Used for Tissue Regeneration Purposes on Polarization of Macrophages

Abstract

Activation of macrophages is critical in the acute phase of wound healing after implantation of surgical biomaterials. To understand the response of macrophages, they are often cultured in vitro on biomaterials. Since a wide range of biomaterials is currently used in the clinics, we undertook a systematic review of the macrophage polarization in response to these different surgical biomaterials in vitro. Beside the chemistry, material characteristics such as dimension, pore size, and surface topography are of great influence on the response of macrophages. The macrophage response also appears to depend on the differences in sterilization techniques that induce lasting biochemical changes or residues of chemicals and their byproducts used for sterilization. Regarding tissue-based biomaterials, macrophages on human or porcine dermis, strongly cross-linked by chemicals elicit in general a proinflammatory response with higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. Synthetic biomaterials such as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) + polyacrylamide (PAAm), PET + sodium salt of poly(acrylic acid) (PAANa), perfluoropolyether (PFPE) with large posts, PEG-g-PA, and polydioxanone (PDO) always appear to elicit an anti-inflammatory response in macrophages, irrespective of origin of the macrophages, for example, buffy coats or full blood. In conclusion, in general in vitro models contribute to evaluate the foreign body reaction on surgical biomaterials. Although it is difficult to simulate complexity of host response elicited by biomaterials, after their surgical implantation, an in vitro model gives indications of the initial foreign body response and allows the comparison of this response between biomaterials.

In vitro observation of macrophage polarization and gingival fibroblast behavior on three‐dimensional xenogeneic collagen matrixes

“…Furthermore, cross-linking of collagen is associated with Mφ polarization profiles, as indicated by the residual chemical cross-links in the material(Delgado, Bayon, Pandit, & Zeugolis, 2015). The responses of Mφ on moderately chemically cross-linked collagen materials from porcine skin intended for use in hernia and abdominal wall repair were proinflammatory, as higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b, −6, and − 8, were observed compared to those in Mφ cultured on noncrosslinked or slightly chemically cross-linked materials(Boersema, Grotenhuis, Bayon, Lange, & Bastiaansen-Jenniskens, 2016).…”

Control of weft yarn or density improves biocompatibility of PET small diameter artificial blood vessels

“…Results from previous studies have demonstrated that the surface condition represents a very important factor with regard to the design of biomaterials and that cell adhesion is largely influenced by the surface properties of artificial biomaterials. 24,25 Moreover, surface properties such as pore size, porosity, permeability, and physical/chemical properties not only impact cell proliferation but also can control the direction of cell growth, which has been demonstrated in an artificial nerve guide conduit. 26 It is also well established that the wettability of a solid surface could be altered as a function of surface roughness and structure.…”

Effects of phosphatidylserine‐containing supported lipid bilayers on the polarization of macrophages

“…All these events are closely related to the presence of macrophages surrounding the implant surfaces. Macrophages are highly plastic, and their phenotype changes in response to various surface conditions such as surface chemistry, pore size and topography . Activated macrophages probably divided into two kinds of phenotypes: M1 (promote inflammation) and M2 (resolve inflammation).…”