The Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Bone Density in Premenarcheal Females: A Co-Twin Approach

Cameron, Melissa A; Paton, Lynda M.; Nowson, Caryl; Margerison, Claire; Frame, M.; Wark, John D.

doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031985

Cited by 66 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This has led to a randomized controlled trial to study the effect of targeted brain training to boost resilience (Gatt et al, 2012). Bone density Calcium supplementation increases bone density over 12-18 months but these gains were not maintained to 2 years (Cameron et al, 2004). Issues specific to twins Twin children social development…”

Section: Randomized Controlled Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Australian Twin Registry: 30 Years of Progress

et al. 2012

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The Australian Twin Registry (ATR) is a national volunteer resource of twin pairs and higher-order multiples willing to consider participating in health, medical, and scientific research. The vision of the ATR is 'to realize the full potential of research involving twins to improve the health and well-being of all Australians'. The ATR has been funded continuously by the National Health and Medical Council for more than 30 years. Its core functions entail the recruitment and retention of twin members, the maintenance of an up-to-date database containing members' contact details and baseline information, and the promotion and provision of open access to researchers from all institutes in Australia, and their collaborators, in a fair and equitable manner. The ATR is administered by The University of Melbourne, which acts as custodian. Since the late 1970s the ATR has enrolled more than 40,000 twin pairs of all zygosities and facilitated more than 500 studies that have produced at least 700 peer-reviewed publications from classical twin studies, co-twin control studies, within-pair comparisons, twin family studies, longitudinal twin studies, randomized controlled trials, and epigenetics studies, as well as studies of issues specific to twins. New initiatives include: a Health and Life Style Questionnaire; data collection, management, and archiving using a secure online software program (The Ark); and the International Network of Twin Registries. The ATR's expertise and 30 years of experience in providing services to national and international twin studies has made it an important resource for research across a broad range of disciplines.

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Section: Randomized Controlled Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Australian Twin Registry: 30 Years of Progress

et al. 2012

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“…59,60 Eighty percent of population variability in bone mass is genetically determined, and 20% is explained by environmental factors (nutritional, hormonal, lifestyle and fetal influences). 57,[61][62][63][64][65] Osteoporosis is defined as BMD by T score more than 2.5 SDs below the mean BMD for young adults, and osteopenia as a BMD 1.0-2.5 below the mean BMD for young adults. 66 The terms 'osteopenia' and 'osteoporosis', as defined by BMD, can only be applied to postmenopausal women (as per WHO guidelines).…”

Section: Bone Health In An Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current concepts in bone and reproductive health in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Jayasinghe

Grover

Zacharin

2008

BJOG

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Anorexia nervosa (AN) initiates an adaptive response at the level of the hypothalamus, which results in a complex interplay involving most elements of the neuroendocrine axis. Consequences of onset of disease in adolescence include amenorrhoea, pubertal arrest with potential loss of target height, and osteoporosis with reduced capacity for future attainment of peak bone mass. With recovery, delay in restoration of menses is common. Hormonal therapies for restoration of bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents have shown limited efficacy. This review will discuss the reproductive endocrine effects of AN in adolescence, and discuss new investigative tools for monitoring restoration of reproductive function and BMD in this population.Keywords Adolescence, amenorrhoea, anorexia nervosa, bone mineral density, eating disorders. IntroductionNinety percent of eating disorders present before the age of 25 years, and in the early stages they may present with menstrual dysfunction. 1 Therefore, it is important that gynaecologists have a good understanding of current concepts of hypothalamic regulation, as those physicians may be the first point of contact in subsyndromal eating disorders. Leptin, a hormone produced by adipocytes, appears to be the critical link between energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine regulation. 2 Since its discovery in 1994, 3 rapid gains in understanding of the hormonal and nutritional regulation of anorexia nervosa (AN) have occurred. 4 These findings are likely to have a significant impact on clinical management of the reproductive-endocrine aspects of AN. Bone loss consequent upon estrogen deficiency may be severe, of long duration with reduced capacity for recovery. Understanding bone loss mechanisms, correct interpretation of bone density measurements and consideration of treatment modalities to ameliorate the problems of eating disorders are an essential part of overall management strategies. EpidemiologyThe Society for Adolescent Medicine together with other medical bodies has recognised that strict Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria 5 for AN (particularly requiring weight below 85% of normal and amenorrhoea for 3 months), may not apply to all women. 6,7 This is particularly so in adolescents because of their normal variability in development, and also because adverse health effects occur even in partial syndromes. In adolescence, prevalence of AN is 0.5%, bulimia nervosa is 1% and partial syndromes (eating disorders not otherwise specified) is 2.4-5.0%. 6,[8][9][10] Clinical sequelaeThe clinical sequelae of AN depend on timing of disease in relation to puberty. These may include pubertal delay and primary amenorrhoea, pubertal arrest with potential loss of target height, or secondary amenorrhoea. 11-13 Amenorrhoea has been reported to precede weight loss in 20% of women, which may lead to diagnostic confusion.Low bone mineral density (BMD) is an established risk in AN, with 50% of anorexics demonstrating osteopenia within 20 months of ameno...

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“…29 So far, positive short-term effects have been shown in boys and girls, particularly in weight-bearing appendicular bone, but these effects seemed to be small, once even called 'marginal'. 30 Whether the positive results are maintained after interruption of the supplement intake was questioned already in early reviews. 31 Withdrawal of supplements After calcium supplementation withdrawal, bone mass differences between treatment and control groups disappeared.…”

Section: Childhood and Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%