The effect of chitosan on body weight and protection against <i>Salmonella gallinarum</i> infection in broiler chickens (short communication)

Abstract

Chitosan adipate was administered orally to broiler chickens to investigate its effect on body weight and protection against Salmonella gallinarum. The study was conducted on 80 six-day-old broiler chickens from the ROSS line that were divided in four groups (20 birds each): I -control; II -infected with S. gallinarum and treated with chitosan adipate; III -infected with S. gallinarum; IV-chitosan adipate treatment only. Chitosan salt was administered as a feed additive in an amount that guaranteed that the chitosan contained in the salts constituted 3% of the chicken diet. (Phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum isolated from layers). The chickens were infected with a suspension containing 1800x10 6 bacteria in 2 ml (on the McFarland scale gruppe 3). The chickens pretreated orally with chitosan were highly resistant to S. gallinarum infection. The clinical symptoms and anatomicopathological changes in chickens infected with bacteria and treated with chitosan (group II) were weak in comparison with chickens infected with S. gallinarum only (group III). Weight gain was significantly higher (by about 12.5%) in the control group than in the chickens infected with S. gallinarum (group III). In the birds that were infected and treated (group II), and in those that were given chitosan (group IV), weight gain was about 2 -2.5 % lower in comparison with the control group.Key Words: chicken, Salmonella gallinarum, protection, chitosan, weight gain Zusammenfassung Titel der Arbeit: Einfluss von Chitosan auf die Gewichtszunahme und Prophylaxe gegen eine Salmonella gallinarum Infektion bei Masthähnchen (Kurzmitteilung) Mit einer oral verabreichten Dosis von 3 % Chitosan Salz im Futter von Masthähnchen wurde dessen Wirkung auf die Gewichtszunahme sowie die Prophylaxewirkung gegen Salmonella gallinarum geprüft. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an 80 sechs Tage alten Masthähnchen der Linie ROSS die in vier je 20 Tiere umfassende Gruppen geteilt wurden.(I-Kontrolle; II -infiziert mit S. gallinarum und behandelt mit Chitosan; III-infiziert mit S. gallinarum; IV -nur Chitosan verabreicht). Die Hähnchen der Gruppen II und III wurden mit einer Suspension, die 1800x10 6 Bakterien in 2 ml (Gruppe 3 in der McFarland Skala) enthielt, infiziert. Die mit Chitosan behandelten Hähnchen wiesen in einem breiten Bereich eine Resistenz gegen S. gallinarum auf. Die klinischen Symptome und anatomisch pathologischen Veränderungen bei den Hähnchen der Gruppe II waren im Vergleich zur Gruppe III nur schwach ausgeprägt. Die Gewichtszunahme in der Kontrollgruppe war um 12,5 % größer als in der Gruppe III. Die Gewichtszunahmen in den Gruppen II und IV lagen um 2,0 -2,5 % niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe. Die Verabreichung von Chitosan schützte die Kücken gegen eine S. gallinarum Infektion. Es wurde festgestellt, dass eine geringe kurzfristig verabreichte Chitosandosis die Gewichtsentwicklung der Kücken leicht verbessern konnte.

Study the Effectiveness of Chitosan on Experimental Infection of Chicks with Salmonellosis

“…So, in this research the dose of chitosan had been given to birds participated in weight gain in the three groups (2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th ) and this is may be due to the theary in which the influence of chitosan on weight gain depends on the dose and the route of administration ( 9), so we can explain the increasing in the weight of the groups treated with chitosan to the dose that was given and to route of administration which may represent low one (50 mg/ml) and the effect of given it orally directly with water but not with diet especially when we know that this compound are fat absorbance and when we do the postmortem, the significant notice was the fatty changes in livers and hepatomegaly found in all these groups, and this agree with (10) who established that when chicken diets containing high ingredient from chitosan 30 g/kg from diet cause reduction in body weight and feed intake also (11) found that low viscosity chitosan supplement can decrease deposition of dietary fat but without reducing in food intake or body weight gain in broiler chickens in addition to that (9) detected that addition of 3% chitosan feed additive (high percent) had slightly decreased weight gain.…”

“…In table (2), we found that, 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups show no any presence of S.Typhimurium in the liver while cecae appear from 10-20 colonies from the same bacteria and this is comparing with 1 st group which was not chitosan treated and this is referred to that treated groups with chitosan before giving bacteria or drenching chitosan with bacteria (S.Typhimurium) at the same time, both method effect on the growth and multiplication of bacteria and this agreed with (12,13) who were established that, pretreated with chitosan exhibited resistance to P.anroginosa and L. monocytogenes infection and demonstrate that chitosan is characterized by high antibacterial effects. ( 14) revealed decreased number of bacteria in the caecum, mesenteric lymph node and liver of the mice fed dietary chitosan.…”

Chitosan and its oligosaccharide derivatives (chito‐oligosaccharides) as feed supplements in poultry and swine nutrition

“…Balicka‐Ramisz et al. () reported that clinical symptoms of salmonellosis, that is, diarrhoea, apathy and ruffled feathers, as well as anatomicopathological changes in broilers infected with bacteria and fed a diet with 3% COS, were weaker, while BWG, measured 7 days after infection, was higher, compared with chickens infected with Salmonella gallinarum only. In a subsequent study, the above‐mentioned author found that COS (at daily dose of 0.6 g/bird) inhibits the development of coccidiosis in broilers and can be used to improve immunisation programmes in poultry production (Balicka‐Ramisz et al., ).…”

Chitosan as an antimicrobial in food products

“…In one of the first studies evaluating the effect of dietary chitosan on intestinal microflora, Tanaka et al (1997) found that mice fed with a casein diet containing 5% chitosan gradually lost appetite over 4 weeks and consumed less food compared with the control group, resulting in reduced weight, whereas 0.5% chitosan in the diet did not have an effect on appetite and weight. When 6-day-old broiler chickens were fed a diet containing 3% chitosan adipate and infected with Salmonella Gallinarum, clinical symptoms and anatomicopathological changes were weak compared with infected chickens not fed chitosan (Balicka-Ramisz, Wojtasz-Pajak, Pilarczyk, & Ramisz, 2007). However, 5% dietary chitosan caused a higher level of anaerobes (0.5 log 10 ) and lower counts of facultative anaerobes (1.0 log 10 ), Bifidobacterium (0.5 log 10 ), and Lactobacillus (2.0 log 10 ) and did not significantly alter the number of Enterobacteriaceae.…”

“…Most of the antiviral activity of chitosan has been studied on plants before harvest, although there is recent interest in applying chitosan to ensure the safety of production after harvest (Bautista-Banos et al, 2006;Cota-Arriola, Cortez-Rocha, Burgos-Hernandez, Ezquerra-Brauer, & Plascencia-Jatomea, 2013;Davis, Zivanovic, Davidson, & D'Souza, 2012;Friedman & Juneja, 2010;Su, Zivanovic, & D'Souza, 2009). One proposed postharvest mechanism is that chitosan causes structural damage to the virus (Kochkina & Chirkov, 2000a;Kochkina, Surgucheva, & Chirkov, 2000).…”