The effect of cocoa, soy, oats and fish oil on metabolic syndrome in rats

Barrios-Ramos, Juan P; Garduño‐Siciliano, Leticia; Loredo, Maria; Chamorro-Cevallos, Germán; Jaramillo-Flores, M. E.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.5637

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This effect of whole soy flour of lowering the triglyceride level can be attributed to the soy protein and or the presence of isoflavones and dietary fiber [18,25]. The hypotriglyceride property of soybean was observed in other studies as well, with animals and humans on balanced diets [25-29]. It was interesting to note that whole soy flour in the cafeteria diet decreased the liver fat (p < 0.05), countering the effect of the high-fat diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The addition of whole soy flour to cafeteria diet reduces metabolic risk markers in wistar rats

et al. 2013

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BackgroundSoybean is termed a functional food because it contains bioactive compounds. However, its effects are not well known under unbalanced diet conditions. This work is aimed at evaluating the effect of adding whole soy flour to a cafeteria diet on intestinal histomorphometry, metabolic risk and toxicity markers in rats.MethodsIn this study, 30 male adult Wistar rats were used, distributed among three groups (n = 10): AIN-93 M diet, cafeteria diet (CAF) and cafeteria diet with soy flour (CAFS), for 56 days. The following parameters were measured: food intake; weight gain; serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), aspartate (AST) and alanine (ALT) aminotransferases and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS); humidity and lipid fecal content; weight and fat of the liver. The villous height, the crypt depth and the thickness of the duodenal and ileal circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the animals were also measured.ResultsThere was a significant reduction in the food intake in the CAF group. The CAFS showed lower serum concentrations of triglycerides and serum TBARS and a lower percentage of hepatic fat, with a corresponding increase in thickness of the intestinal muscle layers. In the CAF group, an increase in the HbA1c, ALT, lipid excretion, liver TBARS and crypt depth, was observed associated with lower HDL-c and villous height. The addition of soy did not promote any change in these parameters.ConclusionsThe inclusion of whole soy flour in a high-fat diet may be helpful in reducing some markers of metabolic risk; however, more studies are required to clarify its effects on unbalanced diets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The addition of whole soy flour to cafeteria diet reduces metabolic risk markers in wistar rats

et al. 2013

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“…In addition, the specific intervention positively influenced genes involved in peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation such as acyl-CoA oxidase (COA), the mitochondrial trifunctional protein α subunit (hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase) and fatty acid transport into the mitochondria by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A) by increasing their expression in the liver. Further improvements on hepatic and serum lipid metabolism parameters due to soyabean administration were described in other studies (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) . Specifically, among the mentioned studies, Barrios-Ramos et al (18) and Potu et al (21) indicated that the administration of powder and oil of soyabean induced improvements on hepatic steatosis and the hepatic inflammation marker c-reactive protein, respectively.…”

Section: Glycine Max/soyabeanmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Further improvements on hepatic and serum lipid metabolism parameters due to soyabean administration were described in other studies (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) . Specifically, among the mentioned studies, Barrios-Ramos et al (18) and Potu et al (21) indicated that the administration of powder and oil of soyabean induced improvements on hepatic steatosis and the hepatic inflammation marker c-reactive protein, respectively. In addition, proteins involved in lipid synthesis pathways (fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, fatty acid elongase 6, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein) were down-regulated as a consequence of soyabean administration, thus suggesting an improvement in lipid metabolism pathways (19,24) .…”

Section: Glycine Max/soyabeanmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Regarding glucose metabolism, the majority of the studies suggest a clear improvement induced by the specific legume. A decrease in plasma glucose, leptin and insulin concentration, as well as an improvement in insulin sensitivity index ( 17 , 18 , 20 , 24 , 25 ) , has been reported. Such a beneficial action of soyabean is further supported by increased expression of key enzymes and genes linked to glucose metabolism such as insulin I (INS1), insulin II (INS2), GLUT2 ( 20 ) and PPAR α and PPAR γ ( 17 , 23 , 24 ) in pancreas, liver, muscle and adipose tissue.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, it is worth mentioning that in this study T. foenum graecum extract was directly injected in alloxan-induced diabetic animals. In general, twenty-nine of the retrieved studies showed improvements in glucose metabolism and included several legumes such as Glycine max (17)(18)(19)(20)24,26,38) , T. foenum graecum (28,29,(31)(32)(33) , P. vulgaris (36)(37)(38) , V. angularis (41) , Pisum sativum (43,44) , Astragalus membranaceus (45,46) , G. glabra (47,48) , C. cajan (52) , G. foetida and A. fruticosa (56) , P. santaniloides (53) , P. lobata (54) , T. indica (55) and T. purpurea (57) . No such effects were reported for A. linearis (60) , C. tora (58) and L. culinaris/Cicer arietinum (61) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beneficial effects of legumes on parameters of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of trials in animal models

et al. 2016

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Legume consumption plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This systematic review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of legume interventions for the prevention and/or improvement of parameters related to the MetS and the implicated metabolic pathways so far reported. The methodology involved a search in four electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library) from January 2007 to December 2014, considering as descriptors 'Metabolic Syndrome' and 'Fabaceae' and adequately adjusting the equation in each one of them. In total, forty-one studies were finally included. The majority of the studies described a regulating effect on glucose and lipid metabolism due to legume administration, whereas effects on blood pressure and renal parameters are not fully described. Regarding the metabolic pathways involved, they include the up-regulation of genes related to β-oxidation and acetyl-CoA degradation and the down-regulation of glycolytic and lipogenesis genes, as well as those associated with the acetyl-CoA synthesis. The ameliorating effects of legume consumption on the alterations associated with the MetS are clearly reported and coincide with changes in the expression of protein and genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. More research needs to be conducted including more legume species that are highly consumed as part of a healthy dietary pattern.Key words: Metabolic syndrome: Insulin resistance: Fabaceae: Lipolysis: Metabolic pathwaysThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a clustering of several metabolic disorders among which central obesity and insulin resistance are considered as causative factors (1,2) , affecting one-quarter of the world's adult population (3) . The initial concept of 'Syndrome X' was described by Reaven (4) , whereas the most recent diagnostic criteria, as established by the International Diabetes Federation in 2005 (5) , include obesity (waist circumference ≥ 102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women), dyslipidaemia (TAG ≥ 150 mg/dl, HDL < 40 mg/dl in men or <50 mg/dl in women), hypertension (≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥85 mmHg diastolic) and alterations of glucose metabolism (>100 mg/dl; includes diabetes) (6) . Although the diagnostic criteria seem to be clear enough, the mechanisms underlying its pathology are not fully understood.Preventing the development of the MetS requires a multidisciplinary approach, whereas the first step on the treatment of this pathology is focused on the amelioration of the related metabolic alterations and includes mostly lifestyle modifications (7) . Nevertheless, in case such modifications prove to be inadequate, the next movement includes the prescription of appropriate pharmacological agents (8) . Among lifestyle strategies, low-fat/low-glycaemic-index diets and regular physical exercise are encountered (7) . For this reason, legumes have gained increasing interest given that their frequent consumption can help in the control of lipid homoeostasis and, consequently, reduce the ris...

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Modulation of metabolic syndrome‐related inflammation by cocoa

Lambert

2013

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) is a widely consumed food ingredient. Although typically found in high-fat, high-sugar foods such as chocolate, cocoa is rich in polyphenols, methylxanthines, and monounsaturated fatty acids. There is increasing evidence that moderate consumption of cocoa and cocoa-containing foods may have beneficial effects on the health including vasodilatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols in cocoa, including monomeric flavanols, as well as polymeric proanthocyanidins, may play a role in these observed beneficial effects. Chronic inflammation represents a potential mechanistic link between obesity and its related pathologies: insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which comprise the metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we discuss the available data regarding the modulation of metabolic syndrome-related inflammation by cocoa and cocoa-derived compounds. We emphasize studies using laboratory animals or human subjects since such studies often represent the strongest available evidence for biological effects. In vitro studies are included to provide some mechanistic context, but are critically interpreted. Although the available data seem to support the anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa, further studies are needed with regard to the dose-response relationship as well as the underlying mechanisms of action. We hope this review will stimulate further research on cocoa and its anti-inflammatory activities.

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The effect of cocoa, soy, oats and fish oil on metabolic syndrome in rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

The addition of whole soy flour to cafeteria diet reduces metabolic risk markers in wistar rats

The addition of whole soy flour to cafeteria diet reduces metabolic risk markers in wistar rats

Beneficial effects of legumes on parameters of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of trials in animal models

Modulation of metabolic syndrome‐related inflammation by cocoa

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