The Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Cognitive Function, Memory, Depression, and Anxiety in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Abstract

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disease in young adults. In addition to physical problems, MS is associated with significant psychological effects, such as cognitive, mood, and behavioral deficits. Given the high prevalence of this disorder and effects on cognitive and psychological functions, the aim of the present research was to evaluate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive function, memory, depression, and anxiety in patients with MS. Materials and Methods: Six patients with diagnostic criteria for MS, both men and women with the age between 20 and 40 years, at least high school diploma education and having participation motivation were selected. Research tools were included DASS scale, Wechsler Memory scale, and Wisconsin Card Sorting test. The Patients were trained for cognitive rehabilitation for three months. Clinical Results were compared before and after the treatment, and finally, the obtained data were analyzed. Results: Cognitive rehabilitation induced significant and considerable improvement in cognitive functions, memory, anxiety, and depression of all patients. Conclusion: This study suggested the possibility of improvement in the cognitive abilities and psychological health of MS patients by cognitive rehabilitation. This finding emphasizes the necessity of new rehabilitation methods for treatment of patients with MS.

Soil Remediation Practices for Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Reclamation in Mining Polluted Soils

“…TPHs, Pb , As, and Cd were analysed from 0 to 20cm depth level and that depth level showed that there was massive soil contamination; thus vertical movement and ground flow of contaminants can lead to ground water and surface water contamination [3, 8, 9]. Observations from previous studies show that metal soil interaction is such that when metals are introduced at soil surface, downward movement does not occur to an extent unless the metal retention capacity of the soil is overloaded [11].…”

“…In developing countries waste management has become a major problem that is coming with health risks due to heavy metals and other types of biohazard pollution [6, 7]. In Zimbabwe there are widespread environmental problems regarding heavy metal pollution and petroleum hydrocarbons due to poor waste handling, wastewater disposal, and other anthropogenic activities [1, 3, 8, 9]. Due to the ever increasing waste disposal rates on the land and water, heavy metals have become a major health risk due to ground and surface water pollution [4, 6, 10, 11].…”

“…However, high costs and major disruptions associated with these treatment methods have limited their adoption [15]. On the other hand, bioremediation is preferred to other treatment methods due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency in contaminant removal as it leaves the soil intact without any disruptions to the ecosystem and soil structure [1, 2, 4, 8]. Bioremediation processes occur when biological degradation takes place in the cells of microorganisms which absorb the hazardous substance leading to specific enzymatic metabolism [5].…”

The Effectiveness of Computer-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation in Executive Functions in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

“…These functions appear to involve several processing centers in different regions of the brain; yet, these are mainly located in the frontal lobe and pre-frontal cortex (7). These neurocognitive functions are major structures, which are practically associated with psychological processes responsible for controlling alertness and thinking (8), and considered a collection of supreme abilities, including self-regulation, inhibition, self-initiation, strategic planning, abstract ability, cognitive flexibility and impulse control (9).…”