The effect of constraining mediolateral ankle moments and foot placement on the use of the counter-rotation mechanism during walking

Bogaart, Maud van den; Bruijn, Sjoerd M.; Spildooren, Joke; Dieën, Jaap H. van; Meyns, Pieter

doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472551

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Other mechanisms are shifting the center of pressure under the stance foot (Reimann et al 2018;van Leeuwen et al 2021) and changing angular momentum around the CoM (Hof 2008;van den Bogaart et al 2020). The increase in EVS-erector spinae muscle coupling during narrow-base walking that we found previously (Magnani et al 2021) suggests that, indeed, angular momentum changes may play a larger role during narrow-base walking, as was also seen in behavioral studies (van den Bogaart et al 2021).…”

Section: Effects Of Walking Conditionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of vestibular stimulation on gait stability when walking at different step widths

Magnani¹,

Dieën

Bruijn

2022

Exp Brain Res

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Section: Effects Of Walking Conditionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of vestibular stimulation on gait stability when walking at different step widths

Magnani¹,

Dieën

Bruijn

2022

Exp Brain Res

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“…during narrow-base walking that we found previously (Magnani et al 2021), suggests that indeed angular momentum changes may play a larger role during narrow-base walking, as was also seen in behavioral studies (van den Bogaart et al 2021).…”

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confidence: 82%

“…Indeed, we found that the coherence between EVS and erector spinae activity was increased during narrow-base walking. This suggest that the erector spinae muscles are involved in the control of gait stability, possibly by means of changing the angular momentum of the trunk(Hof et al 2007;van den Bogaart et al 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

A labyrinth for stable walking

M Magnani

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A labyrinth for stable walking: The role of head orientation and vestibular information in stabilizing gait Summary The central nervous system integrates a range of sensory inputs with motor outputs to ensure an essential function: the control of gait stability. The visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems provide information to the central nervous system to keep the center of mass within the base of support while walking. The vestibular system plays a primary role in spatial orientation and head stabilization and has been related to mediolateral gait stability. This thesis aimed to study the role of vestibular information in the control of gait stability. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of how the sensory systems contribute to the control of gait stability, and especially the findings of the vestibular system's role, it also covers the mechanisms of gait stability. Chapter 2 entails an experiment using daily tasks that constrain head motion and the visual field by using a cell phone to observe the effects on gait stability in healthy young adults. The conditions in which head movement (head roll) and visual field were constrained such as talking and texting on a cell phone, impaired gait stability compared to the control condition. In chapter 3, the aim was to compare the effects of imposed head orientation only (forward, upward, downward, and yaw movement) on gait stability, and for that we studied different populations, which we assumed to have different levels of stability (dancers, young adults, older adults). Head orientation changes influenced the gait pattern and yaw motion reduced gait stability the most. Also, the findings showed that older adults had a less stable gait, but dancers were not more stable than young adults. Chapter 4 addressed how the motor output evoked by the vestibular system varies according to the demands on the control of stability of walking. The results showed that vestibulomuscular coherence differed according to the gait stabilization demands. In comparison to the control condition, stabilized and wide-base walking conditions showed reduced coherence and narrow-base walking showed increased coherence overall. The results indicated that vestibulomuscular coupling varies systematically over the gait cycle and according to the need to control gait stability. Given that vestibular information is used more in conditions with stronger stabilization demands, the destabilizing effects of a vestibular error signal, given by electrical vestibular stimulation, were expected to be larger in the conditions with higher vestibulomuscular coherence in chapter 4 (e.g. narrow-base walking). In chapter 5, we studied the effects of electrical vestibular stimulation as a vestibular error signal on gait stability. The vestibular error signal decreased gait stability, increased center of mass variability, and decreased coupling between the center of mass state and foot placement, the main mechanism to stabilize walking. The expected interactions of electrical vestibular stimulation and stabilization demands were not found. This indicates that although the use of vestibular information is dependent on stabilization demands, this is not directly reflected in gait stability. Chapter 6 present a reflection on the findings to shed a light on the role of the vestibular system in the control of gait stability. It also discusses the limitations of the studies presented and the practical implications of the findings. Taken together, this thesis revealed that the use of vestibular information is phase-dependent and varies with the stabilizing demands of gait. Head orientation changes, presumably through effects on vestibular output combined with effects on visual information, influence gait stability. Older adults were less stable than young adults, but dance training in young adults did not reduce the effects of head orientation changes.

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“…Ankle torque and reaction torque (latter from the coordinated motion of the upper body relative to the lower body and also called counter-rotation mechanism) have also been recognized as contributors to ML balance control in humans (7,21,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). Additionally, variations in actions affecting mainly forward walking progression can also contribute to ML control to the extent that there is crosstalk between sagittal and frontal control mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry measures for quantification of mechanisms contributing to dynamic stability during stepping-in-place gait

2023

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The goal of this study is to introduce and to motivate the use of new quantitative methods to improve our understanding of mechanisms that contribute to the control of dynamic balance during gait. Dynamic balance refers to the ability to maintain a continuous, oscillating center-of-mass (CoM) motion of the body during gait even though the CoM frequently moves outside of the base of support. We focus on dynamic balance control in the frontal plane or medial–lateral (ML) direction because it is known that active, neurally-mediated control mechanisms are necessary to maintain ML stability. Mechanisms that regulate foot placement on each step and that generate corrective ankle torque during the stance phase of gait are both known to contribute to the generation of corrective actions that contribute to ML stability. Less appreciated is the potential role played by adjustments in step timing when the duration of the stance and/or swing phases of gait can be shortened or lengthened to allow torque due to gravity to act on the body CoM over a shorter or longer time to generate corrective actions. We introduce and define four asymmetry measures that provide normalized indications of the contribution of these different mechanisms to gait stability. These measures are ‘step width asymmetry’, ‘ankle torque asymmetry’, ‘stance duration asymmetry’, and ‘swing duration asymmetry’. Asymmetry values are calculated by comparing corresponding biomechanical or temporal gait parameters from adjacent steps. A time of occurrence is assigned to each asymmetry value. An indication that a mechanism is contributing to ML control is obtained by comparing asymmetry values to the ML body motion (CoM angular position and velocity) at the time points associated with the asymmetry measures. Example results are demonstrated with measures obtained during a stepping-in-place (SiP) gait performed on a stance surface that either remained fixed and level or was pseudorandomly tilted to disturb balance in the ML direction. We also demonstrate that the variability of asymmetry measures obtained from 40 individuals during unperturbed, self-paced SiP were highly correlated with corresponding coefficient of variation measures that have previously been shown to be associated with poor balance and fall risk.

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The effect of constraining mediolateral ankle moments and foot placement on the use of the counter-rotation mechanism during walking

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of vestibular stimulation on gait stability when walking at different step widths

Effects of vestibular stimulation on gait stability when walking at different step widths

A labyrinth for stable walking

Asymmetry measures for quantification of mechanisms contributing to dynamic stability during stepping-in-place gait

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