The effect of crystal structure on the thermal reactivity of CL-20 and its C4-bonded explosives

Sensitivity and Performance of Energetic Materials

“…The theory of thermalc riticality, as wella st hat of the cookoff,isw ell presented in am onograph [ 50].C riticaltemperatures are very important when considering the risks of any given EM [50].T heset emperaturesa re obtainable by means of the well-known Frank-Kamenetskii theory [50, 79,137] using kinetic data from thermoanalyticalm ethods. This has beend one, for example, for PBXs [141,159,164],n itric esters [154,155],agroup of new high nitrogen EMs [165,166],o rs everal trinitromethyl explosives [167].S imple methods of critical temperature estimation using non-isothermalD SC have also beenp ublished [168,169],o ne of them on the basis of Harcourt-Esson's equation [169].T he isothermal Time-To-Explosion or Explosion Delay [79,137,170],i .e. the Henkin test [170][171][172][173][174],i n which ar elationship between the logarithm of the induction period and reciprocal induction temperature (in K) is specified,i so ften mentioned along with critical temperature [137,170,171].T he cook-off tests [50,[173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]i nb oth their small and larger versions are, in principle, similart o explosiond elay;n umericals imulations of these tests have appearedr elatively frequently in the literature [177-179, 181, 182].…”

“…Theset echniques have been usedf or thermal reactivity specificationo fq uite an umber of PBXs [157][158][159][160][161][162][163] on the basiso fw hich the sensitivity of the given PBX [158] and cook-off time [159] were predicted and interpreted. Al inear relationship between the activatione nergies of this thermolysis and the sumo f the negative and positive extremes of molecular surface electrostatic potentials, V S,S ,o ft he nitramines studiedh as been successfully used for analysis of the kinetic data obtained from thermolysis of nitramines [147];t hese summed potentials also correlate well with the rate constants for the monomolecular thermald ecomposition of the nitramines mentioned [147].Astatistical method of predicting the activation energies of the thermolysis of some 86 polynitro compounds [148] was the precursor of the new program, named EDPHT2 .0, which is usable also for predictiono f the crystald ensity and enthalpyo ff ormation [149].V ery important critical temperatures can be obtained from the kinetic data of thermoanalytical measurements with EMs [50,79,141,154,155,159,[164][165][166][167][168][169].T he important small and larger cook-off tests [50,[173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]a re frequentlyn umerically simulated [177-179, 181, 182].…”

Thermal behavior of 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane and its melt-castable mixtures with cyclic nitramines

“…The decomposition of CL-20-TMTA starts immediately after an endothermic peak at about 177.1 • C. It is well-known that two major conversions occur during heating and decomposition of -CL-20: a solid-solid phase transition from to ␥ polymorphs at 159.6 • C, followed by the thermal decomposition of the ␥ polymorph [9,10]. This temperature could be increased to 167.1 • C by modification of CL-20 crystal surface structure (i.e.…”

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a b s t r a c tMixtures of 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazinane (TMTA) with 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), cis-1, 3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole 4,6,8,10,4,6,8,10,, respectively, have been investigated by DSC and TGA techniques. It has been found that there are two endothermic peaks at about 96 • C and 107 • C, due to polymorphic transition and melting of TMTA, whereas only small endothermic peaks were observed in the temperature region of 92.8-95.0 • C for mixtures of RDX-TMTA, BCHMX-TMTA and CL-20-TMTA.

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Thermal Decomposition Performance of CL‐20‐Based Ultraviolet Curing Propellants

“…According to previous studies, CL-20 based PBXs presented a two-step decomposition phenomenon. When Yan and Zeman [15][16][17] studied the two-step decomposition of CL-20-based explosives and revealed the bad crystal quality resulting from the effect of polar solvent and binder. Hussein [18] found GAP increased the thermal reactivity of CL-20 and changed the single decomposition peak to two decomposition peaks.…”