The effect of different nitrogen fertilization rates on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L. 'Tokaj') raw material

Abstract

A b s t r a c tPot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an annual ornamental plant which is also grown for herbal raw material (flower heads) used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. ) on some morphological features of flower heads as well as on yield and quality of pot marigold raw material. Flowering of pot marigold was shortest in the control treatment (32 days) and longest (43 days) in the plot where nitrogen fertilization had been applied at the highest rate (160 kg N×ha -1 ). Nitrogen fertilization had a significant influence on the number of flower heads per plant, but no significant difference was found in diameter as well as in ligulate flowers and tubular flowers in the flower head. It was found to increase significantly raw material yield after the application of 80 kg N×ha -1 , compared to the control treatment. Yield of flower heads did not differ markedly for fertilization rates from 80 to 160 kg N×ha -1 . Nitrogen fertilization modified slightly essential oil content (this content increased with increasing nitrogen rates), but at the same time it decreased the percentage of flavonoid compounds.

Effect of fertilization on the development and yields of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

“…Hoffmann and Komosa [12] concluded likewise when discussing their experiment, in which higher NPK fertilization rates significantly increased the number of flowers and weight of herbal yield. Dedio et al [1], as well as Biesiada et al [13] conclude that calendula does not require intensive nitrogen nutrition and set the optimum dose at 30-50 kg•ha -1 . Mili and Sable [14] claim otherwise, and report the highest number of flowers after the soil enrichment with 100 kg N•ha -1 .…”

Effect of Compost Fertilization on Some Growth Parameters and Yield of Calendula Officinalis Variety (Costa Yellow)

“…Also, Rahmani et al (2009) found that nitrogen had a significant effect on all plant parameters of C. officinalis, such as seed yield, head diameter, number of flowers carried out with application of 90 kg N ha -1 . Król, (2011) found a clear increase in yield of Calendula officinalis 'Tokaj' after the application of 80 kg N /ha, when compared to the control treatment. Also, Johnson et al (2018) found that five urea N rates (0, 34, 67, 134, or 202) kg /N ha increased significantly seed yield of C. officinalis.…”

“…All treatments showed significant increase in chlorophyll a and b content when compared to the control 1.59 and 1.57 mg/g fresh weight; 0.756 and 0.78 mg/g fresh weight, in the same respect order. Elements availability, especially nitrogen due to its external application played an important role in photosynthesized pigments formation and thus the amount of chlorophyll synthesized (Król, 2011;Hussein et al, 2011;Elhindi, 2012;Abou-Sreea et al, 2017). Chlorophyll has a cyclic tetrapyrrole ring structure termed as prophyrines which N is a basic component for it (Satish and Manju, 2018).…”

Nitrogen in Flowers

“…The flower yield of marigold was highly sensitive to nitrogen deficiency, since there was a 90% decrease in the number of flowers per plant when the plants were grown under -N treatment compared with the complete nutrient solution treatment (Table 4). In marigold (Calendula officinalis L. 'TOKAJ'), nitrogen fertilization had a significant impact on the number of flower heads per plant (especially on the second-rank branches) [9].…”